A pivotal assumption of work on defensible space theory and territorial signs is that people interpret the presence of defensible space features and territorial signs to mean that occupants have stronger territorial attitudes and behaviors. One purpose of this study was to test this assumption. A second purpose of the study was to examine the impact of perceived local threat on the efficacy of territorial displays. A sample of forty residents, split between those who perceived that they lived in high and low problem neighborhoods, were shown drawings of residential backyards. Results supported the following hypotheses: (1) that the presence of real barriers and plantings are interpreted as a deterrent to intrusion and an indication of stronger occupant territorial attitudes, and (2) that as local perceived threat increases, territorial displays are viewed as less effective deterrents to intrusion. The study also contributes to the fine-grain assessment of the links between physical elements in the environment and expected territorial functioning by showing that the effectiveness of territorial features depends not only on their inherent physical qualities and general symbolic meanings, but also on the social context in which they are perceived to exist.

The report of the American Psychological Association (APA) Task Force on Human Rights proposes a definition of human rights in relation to psychology; reviews the relationship between human rights and the concepts that have historically guided APA (e.g., human welfare, public interest, and social justice); proposes an analytical Five Connections framework that defines the connections between psychology and human rights and uses that framework to review APA's recent and ongoing human rights activities; and makes recommendations for organizational mechanisms that can ensure APA's ongoing and visible commitment to human rights.

ⅢThis study investigated changes in students' psychological sense of community (SOC) In the seminal work on sense of community~SOC!, Sarason~1974! theorized that SOC is dynamic, changing with events in a given community. He posited that SOC would increase when a community experiences tragedy or celebration and it would subside This research was made possible by the participation of university students, two research teams, faculty advisors, and university administration and professors.

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More than 300 days since the Chibok abduction and measures by the government to find them, the vast majority of the 276 girls remain unaccounted for and their fate unresolved. The abduction and non-return of the schoolgirls provides a poignant illustration of the pervasive, global problem of discrimination and violence against girls and women, including abductions and trafficking, in every region of the world (Save the Children, 2013).