The bacteriophage P1 genome carries an invertible C segment consisting of 3‐kb unique sequences flanked by 0.6‐kb inverted repeats. With insertion and deletion mutants of P1 derivatives the site‐specific recombinase gene cin for C inversion) has been mapped adjacent to the C segment and the cix sites (for C inversion cross‐over) have been located at the outside ends of the inverted repeats. Inversion of the C segment functions as a biological switch and controls expression of the gene(s) responsible for phage infectivity carried on the C segment. The cin gene product can promote recombination between a ‘quasi‐ cix’ site on plasmid pBR322 and a cix site on P1 DNA. The junctions formed on the resulting co‐integrate can also serve as cix sites. This observation implies a potential evolutionary process to bring genes under the control of a biological switch acting by DNA inversion.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector for the yellow fever and dengue viruses, and is also responsible for recent outbreaks of the alphavirus chikungunya. Vector control strategies utilizing engineered gene drive systems are being developed as a means of replacing wild, pathogen transmitting mosquitoes with individuals refractory to disease transmission, or bringing about population suppression. Several of these systems, including Medea, UDMEL, and site-specific nucleases, which can be used to drive genes into populations or bring about population suppression, utilize transcriptional regulatory elements that drive germline-specific expression. Here we report the identification of multiple regulatory elements able to drive gene expression specifically in the female germline, or in the male and female germline, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. These elements can also be used as tools with which to probe the roles of specific genes in germline function and in the early embryo, through overexpression or RNA interference.

Approximately 60 percent of the phospholipids from the membrane sheath of Tetrahymena pyriformis cilia contain 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. This is more than twice the concentration found in total cell lipids. The resistance of these lipids to hydrolytic enzymes suggests that they increase the stability of the surface membranes.

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Purpose Herbert Krugman (1971) was among the first marketing scholars to utilize electroencephalography (EEG) to examine advertising. However, nearly five decades have transpired since this innovative research, making it potentially valuable to use a modern-day approach to reproduce a first-generation neuromarketing study. Thus, the purpose of this study is to replicate and extend Krugman’s original work. Design/methodology/approach To measure participants’ neural activity, two within-subject experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of advertising using EEG. Independent factors, as defined by Krugman (1971), were three national brand ads differentiated by their level of effectiveness (high/low) associated with recall and arousal. Findings Results from Study 1 largely support Krugman’s original findings, in that an inverse relationship is observed among brain waves (beta, theta and alpha) across multiple exposures and levels. Meaning, similar patterns of activation and dissipation occur regardless of ad type or frequency. Findings from Study 2 were successful in accomplishing what Krugman originally could not by distinguishing between the ads utilizing an event-related potential (ERP) design. Originality/value This study demonstrates that a single neuromarketing approach can be used in multiple ways to provide richer insight while adding value during the research process. At the very least, the re-inquiry is an informative act associated with the theoretical relevance of using EEG measurement in marketing research.