Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a recalcitrant group of chemicals and can be found throughout the environment. They often collect in wastewater systems with virtually no degradation prior to environmental discharge. Some PFAS partitions to solids captured in wastewater treatment which require further processing. Of all the commonly applied solids treatment technologies, incineration offers the only possibility to completely destroy PFAS. Little is known about the fate of PFAS through incineration, in particular, for the systems employed in water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). This review covers available research on the fate of PFAS through incineration systems with a focus on sewage sludge incinerators. This research indicates that at least some PFAS destruction will occur with incineration approaches used at WRRFs. Furthermore, PFAS in flue gas, ash, or water streams used for incinerator pollution control may be undetectable. Future research involving full‐scale fate studies will provide insight on the efficacy of PFAS destruction through incineration and whether other compounds of concern are generated. Practitioner points Thermal processing is the only commercial approach available to destroy PFAS. Thermal degradation conditions required for destruction of PFAS during incineration processes are discussed. Fate of PFAS through water resource recovery facility incineration technologies remains unclear. Other thermal technologies such as smoldering combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal liquefaction provide promise but are in developmental phases.
Chlorination has long been used for disinfection of municipal wastewater (MWW) effluent while the use peracetic acid (PAA) has been proposed more recently in the United States. Previous work has demonstrated the bactericidal effectiveness of PAA and monochloramine in wastewater, but limited information is available for viruses, especially ones of mammalian origin (e.g., norovirus). Therefore, a comparative assessment was performed of the virucidal efficacy of PAA and monochloramine against murine norovirus (MNV) and MS2 bacteriophage in secondary effluent MWW and phosphate buffer (PB). A suite of inactivation kinetic models was fit to the viral inactivation data. Predicted concentration-time (CT) values for 1-log MS2 reduction by PAA and monochloramine in MWW were 1254 and 1228 mg-min/L, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 3-log model predicted CT values for MNV viral reduction in MWW were 32, 47, and 69 mg-min/L for PAA and 6, 13, and 28 mg-min/L for monochloramine, respectively. Wastewater treatment plant disinfection practices informed by MS2 inactivation data will likely be protective for public health but may overestimate CT values for reduction of MNV. Additionally, equivalent CT values in PB resulted in greater viral reduction which indicate that viral inactivation data in laboratory grade water may not be generalizable to MWW applications.
The effect of stoichiometry, heat-treatment, and resulting bulk and surface properties on the electrochemical cycling stability of native Li x CoO 2 under a 35% depth-of-discharge protocol was investigated. The materials were fabricated from mixtures of Li 2 CO 3 and Co 3 O 4 with Li/Co ratios spanning from 0.95 to 1.20. The single-phase stoichiometric sample exhibited the highest electrochemical performance under the applied protocol. A combination of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric ͑TGA͒ analyses revealed residual Co 3 O 4 and Li 2 CO 3 existed in the materials fabricated from all the nonstoichiometric mixtures with Li/Co Ͻ 1 and Li/Co Ͼ 1, respectively. The use of TGA was found to be by far the most effective and sensitive tool for the detection and quantification of Li 2 CO 3 . Using various surface characterization techniques, we showed at least part of the residual Li 2 CO 3 phase forms a layer at the surface of the LiCoO 2 particles fabricated from lithium excess mixtures. The Li 1ϩx CoO 2 samples, which cycle poorly at room temperature and exhibit bulk crystallographic properties that differ from stoichiometric LiCoO 2 , were found to cycle well after Li 2 CO 3 removal. The surface phase Li 2 CO 3 is the root of the poor room temperature cycling for the overstoichiometric Li 1ϩx CoO 2 samples.
Water and wastewater quality research and management pertaining to emerging pollutants, chemical or biological, for which discussion of occurrence surveys, fate and transport investigations, treatment processes, modeling, and/or toxicity/risk assessment appearing in the peerreviewed literature during 2010, are presented.
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