Evidence from more than 27,000 women participating in randomized controlled trials suggests that improvement in symptoms with anticholinergic management of overactive bladder is modest and rarely fully resolves symptoms.

Among hospitalized patients, inadequate health literacy is prevalent and independently associated with other needs that place patients at a higher risk of adverse outcomes, such as hospital readmission. Screening for inadequate health literacy and associated needs may enable hospitals to address these barriers and improve postdischarge outcomes.

Purpose PCORnet, the National Patient‐Centered Clinical Research Network, represents an innovative system for the conduct of observational and pragmatic studies. We describe the identification and validation of a retrospective cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from four PCORnet sites. Methods We adapted existing computable phenotypes (CP) for the identification of patients with T2DM and evaluated their performance across four PCORnet sites (2012‐2016). Patients entered the cohort on the earliest date they met one of three CP categories: (CP1) coded T2DM diagnosis (ICD‐9/ICD‐10) and an antidiabetic prescription, (CP2) diagnosis and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%, or (CP3) an antidiabetic prescription and HbA1c ≥6.5%. We required evidence of health care utilization in each of the 2 prior years for each patient, as we also developed an incident T2DM CP to identify the subset of patients without documentation of T2DM in the 365 days before t0. Among a systematic sample of patients, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for the T2DM CP and incident‐T2DM CP using electronic health record (EHR) review as reference. Results The CP identified 50 657 patients with T2DM. The PPV of patients randomly selected for validation was 96.2% (n = 1572; CI:95.1‐97.0) and was consistently high across sites. The PPV for the incident‐T2DM CP was 5.8% (CI:4.5‐7.5). Conclusions The T2DM CP accurately and efficiently identified patients with T2DM across multiple sites that participate in PCORnet, although the incident T2DM CP requires further study. PCORnet is a valuable data source for future epidemiological and comparative effectiveness research among patients with T2DM.

Purpose: Management of schizophrenia among Blacks in the United States is af­fected by persistent disparities. This review explored response to atypical antipsychotics among Blacks compared with other groups to assess systematic variation that may con­tribute to disparities.Methods: We conducted a quasi-systematic review of studies reporting response to atypical antipsychotics among Blacks com­pared with other groups, including effects of genetic variation.Results: Of 48 identified research articles, 29 assessed differences in outcomes without inclusion of genetic variation and 20 ex­plored effects of genetic variation; of note: one article included both types of data. Analysis of the 29 papers with clinical out­comes only suggests that while data on ef­ficacy and risk of movement disorders were heterogeneous, findings indicate increased risk of metabolic effects and neutropenia among Blacks. Of the 20 articles exploring effects of genetic variation, allelic or geno­typic variations involving several genes were associated with altered efficacy or safety among Blacks but not Whites, including risk of decreased response involving variation in DRD4 and DRD1, and improved efficacy as­sociated with variants in DRD2, COMT, and RGS4. Others showed significant improve­ment in treatment response only among Whites, including variation in DTNBP1, DRD4, and GNB3.Conclusions: The current analysis can help tailor management among Blacks using an atypical antipsychotic. Heterogeneity in genetic variation effects and response allele frequency suggests that pharmacogenetics approaches for atypical antipsychotics will need to explicitly incorporate race and eth­nicity.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(Suppl 1):229-240; doi:10.18865/ed.30.S1.229

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for 54 subjects but achieved treatment of only 29 and was stopped early because of slow enrollment and unbalanced withdrawal after randomization (5 of the 17 in the LPTI group declined to proceed in the study after having been randomized). As a result, this study is significantly underpowered. Nonetheless, the findings are significant because women in both groups improved, albeit in different ways. Women receiving LPTI reported improved pain scores in fewer treatment sessions and sooner (an average of 4 weeks) than did women receiving PT. However, the improvement in pain scores with PT was overall similar, and notably women having PT had greater improvements in sexual function as measured by the FSFI, primarily because of greater improvements in sexual pain. These findings will be very useful in the design of a more definitive trial for treatment of this poorly understood condition. Ideally, a doubleblind randomized trial of LPTI versus PT could be designed using a sham intervention for PT and a sham saline LPTI injection as controls. Such a design would potentially also limit postrandomization withdrawals. We badly need these data in urogynecology practice, where numerous patients experience chronic PFM, many iatrogenically after prior surgical interventions, particularly those with permanent materials.-ACW) ABSTRACTBehavior and lifestyle modifications are considered first-line therapy for overactive bladder (OAB). When these approaches are inadequate, the mainstay of second-line therapy is pharmacologic. The largest class of medications used for drug treatment is anticholinergic. Emerging evidence in a systematic review published in 2011 suggested that anticholinergic and other drugs used for OAB are often ineffective for long-term symptom management, with most patients discontinuing therapy within 6 months. Despite questionable data supporting use of anticholinergics for OAB, wider use of these agents was spurred by the 2013 US Food and Drug Administration approval of oxybutynin (Oxytrol) as an over-the-counter treatment for this condition as well as extensive direct-to-consumer advertising. The issue of effectiveness of drug therapy is of major concern to millions of women with OAB and to their health care providers.The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were first to examine available evidence from randomized clinical trials on outcomes of pharmacologic management of OAB in women and second to summarize comparative data from the active drug and placebo arms of randomized trials on the effectiveness of drugs for reducing urinary incontinence episodes and reducing voiding episodes. A search of 4 databases was conducted by multiple reviewers for original research published in English up to March 2014 on community-dwelling women with nonneurogenic OAB undergoing therapy with medications available in the United States. The database search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and ClinicalTrials.gov. All studies were composed of at least 75% female subjec...