Transnasal EGD is generally well tolerated, feasible and safe. It can be performed with topical anesthesia in an outpatient setting. The low complication rate, high patient satisfaction and potential cost savings make transnasal endoscopy an attractive alternative to conventional EGD to screen patients for upper gastrointestinal tract diseases.
Numerous studies have utilized histologic sections of coronary arteries as the standard for testing the validity of the angiographic determination of coronary artery dimensions. However, little attention has been given to artifactual dimensional changes that occur during fixation and histologic processing of tissues (dehydration, clearing, embedding, sectioning and staining). Using planimetric techniques, the dimensional changes that occurred with fixation and processing were quantitated in 61 coronary artery segments with minimal or moderate to severe atherosclerosis obtained from 12 patients studied at autopsy. In vessels with minimal atherosclerotic narrowing, fixation and processing resulted in a decrease in total vessel cross-sectional area and luminal cross-sectional area (p less than or equal to 0.05), whereas absolute wall area (total vessel cross-sectional area minus luminal cross-sectional area) did not change (p = NS). These disproportionate changes resulted in an alteration in the relation between lumen and wall areas so that luminal cross-sectional area decreased from 47.6 +/- 8.5% of the total vessel cross-sectional area observed before fixation to 36.2 +/- 7% after processing (p less than or equal to 0.05). In vessels with moderate to severe atherosclerosis, both the total cross-sectional area and wall area decreased after fixation and processing (p less than or equal to 0.05), but luminal area did not change (p = NS). As a result, the percent luminal cross-sectional area in these vessels increased from 21.1 +/- 10.1% before fixation to 28.7 +/- 9.7% after processing (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Faculty members in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines are typically expected to pursue grant funding and publish to support their research or teaching agendas. Providing effective professional development programs on grant preparation and management and on research publications is crucial. This study shares the design and implementation of such a program for Native STEM faculty (NAF-STEM) from two tribal colleges and one public, non-tribal, Ph.D. granting institution during a 3-year period. The overall development and implementation of the program is centered on the six R’s Indigenous framework – Respect, Relationship, Representation, Relevance, Responsibility, and Reciprocity. The role of NAF-STEM and their interactions with the program, as members of the community formed by their participation, impacted the program. Their practices and the program co-emerged over time, each providing structure and meaning for the other. Through such reciprocity, NAF-STEM and the program research team continually refined the program through their mutual engagement. They took on the shared responsibility of the program while they participated in and shaped its practices. The process and results of formative and summative assessment and the impact of COVID-19 on the program are reported. Results of the program offer lessons on the implementation of six R’s framework in professional development at institutions of higher education.
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