Extremes such as summer heat waves and winter warm spells have a significant impact on the climate of Australia, with many regions experiencing an increase in the frequency and duration of these events since the mid-twentieth century. With the availability of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models, projected changes in heat waves and warm spells are investigated across Australia for two future emission scenarios. For the historical period encompassing the late twentieth century (1950–2005) an ensemble mean of 15 models is able to broadly capture the observed spatial distribution in the frequency and duration of summer heat waves, despite overestimating these metrics along coastal regions. The models achieve a better comparison to observations in their simulation of the temperature anomaly of the hottest heat waves. By the end of the twenty-first century, the model ensemble mean projects the largest increase in summer heat wave frequency and duration to occur across northern tropical regions, while projecting an increase of ~3°C in the maximum temperature of the hottest southern Australian heat waves. Model consensus suggests that future winter warm spells will increase in frequency and duration at a greater rate than summer heat waves, and that the hottest events will become increasingly hotter for both seasons by century’s end. Even when referenced to a warming mean state, increases in the temperature of the hottest events are projected for southern Australia. Results also suggest that following a strong mitigation pathway in the future is more effective in reducing the frequency and duration of heat waves and warm spells in the southern regions compared to the northern tropical regions.
Objective: To replicate and extend previous research by examining, among a larger sample, the effectiveness of a Whole Health Primary Care Pain Education and Opioid Monitoring Program (PC-POP) at increasing adherence to the Veteran Affairs/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) recommended guidelines for long-term opioid therapy among chronic noncancer patients seen in primary care—medications, hospitalization, monitoring/safety, assessment, and nonpharmacological pain treatment referrals.Design/methods: Using data collected from medical records, a between-subjects comparison (PC-POP enrollees vs nonenrollees) was conducted to determine if there were differences between the groups 12 months post-enrollment in PC-POP (12 months post-index date for nonenrollees). Additionally, a within-subjects comparison of outcomes was also conducted with PC-POP enrollees, ie, 12 months pre-enrollment to 12 months post-enrollment.Subjects: A convenience sample of adult Veterans with chronic noncancer pain receiving opioid therapy consecutively for ≥3 months in primary care.Results: A total of 734 Veterans (423 PC-POP enrollees and 311 nonenrollees) were included in the analyses. Results showed increased concordance with VA/DoD guidelines among those enrolled in PC-POP, characterized by increased documentation of urine drug screens, Stratification Tool for Opioid Risk Mitigation reports, Narcan education/prescriptions, assessment measures for mental health/substance use/physical function, and referrals for nonpharmacological pain treatment. A decrease in morphine equivalent daily dose among patients enrolled in PC-POP across a 2-year timeframe was also found.Conclusions: PC-POP increases guideline concordant care for providers working in primary care.
The major site referred to in this work, that of the White Lady of the Brandberg, is found in the Brandberg Range of nonhero Namibia. Other sites mentioned have also been attributed to "Bushman" (San) artists due to their subject matter. The gathering scene (Figure 1) is not necessarily attributed to San anists, but is included as one of the extremely rare depictions of gathering activity. (See list of figures for exact locations of all works included.)The Brandberg site has been dated at approximately 1300 B. C.; the earliest written evidence from that area is not until the 17th and 18th centuries. Much earlier linguistic evidence as interpreted by Elphic reveals an expansion of the Khoikhoi from present-day Botswana into southern Africa, but this expansion does not seem to have reached the Brandberg area.t Elphick himself recognizes the difficulty of distinguishing ethnic boundaries, particularly between the San and Khoikhoi, but the Brandberg site is most often attributed to "Bushman" (San) artists as opposed to "Hottentots" (the Khoikhoi). A survey of subject matter in the an at this site supports the notion of the San as irs creators: the an lacks depictions of both cattle and sheep. and herding scenes, which one would expect to find in art produced by the Khoikhoi, a herding society. Rather one finds clear depictions of" ... dancing, fighting, hunting, or performing ... ritual activities. "2 Art has been used for some time as a primary source of information about particular cultures or groups of people. When combined with written material from the same period, it is often possible to reconstruct quite an accurate picture of what life was like at, say, the coun of Louis XIV-the visual and written documentation complement and support each other. When using an as a source of information with regard to cultures which did not or do not possess a written language, however, something quite different emerges. This is particularly true with reference to so-called prehistoric cultures: with no written documentation and often only selected remains of material culture, artistic evidence becomes open to the interpretation of those who view it.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.