This article describes kindergarten from the perspective of the whole child. Specifically, it reviews current research on best practices to improve children's math and language arts competencies, memory skills, and the role of kindergarten in beginning science. It also describes the social experiences children have in kindergarten with respect to their academic success. Similarly, it reviews the impact of emotional competence on school success. This article then reviews research describing three major influences on children's kindergarten adaptation and success (i.e., transition, parental involvement, retention). The article concludes with a discussion of full-day kindergarten programs and their potential for improving the chances of all kindergarten children, especially low-income and ethnic minority children, for success in school.
Little is known about the role social support may play in reducing the risk of adolescent dating violence perpetration and victimization. This study is a longitudinal analysis of the independent impact of social support from friends and parents on the risk of emotional and physical dating violence perpetration and victimization among a large sample of female youth (n = 346). Findings indicate that 22% of the sample indicated perpetrating physical dating violence against a partner, whereas almost 16% revealed being the victim of physical dating violence; 34% of the sample indicated perpetrating emotional dating violence against a partner, whereas almost 39% revealed being the victim of emotional dating violence. Negative binomial regression models indicated that increased levels of support from friends at Time 1 was associated with significantly less physical and emotional dating violence perpetration and emotional (but not physical) dating violence victimization at Time 2. Parental support was not significantly related to dating violence in any model. Implications for dating violence curriculum and future research are addressed.
Silicon ͑100͒ substrates with thermal oxide films of varying thickness were irradiated with single and multiple 150 fs laser pulses at normal and non-normal incidences. A range of laser fluence was found in which a blister or domelike feature was produced where the oxide film was delaminated from the substrate. At normal and non-normal incidences blister features were observed for samples with 54, 147, and 1200 nm of thermal oxide. The blister features were analyzed with optical and atomic force microscopy. In addition, the time frame for blister growth was obtained using pump-probe imaging techniques.
Nano-and microfluidic channels were produced by selectively delaminating 1200 nm thermally grown oxide films ͑SiO 2 ͒ films from Si͑100͒ substrates using a femtosecond pulsed laser. Single pass channels exhibiting bell-like cross sections with widths of 24 m and heights of 355 nm were directly written at a speed of 1 cm/ s, while larger channels ͑320 m in width and ϳ15 m in height͒ were produced by laterally overlapping single pass channels. The results of an investigation of the interior surfaces of the channels via atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are presented.
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