We synthesized two wide bandgap A−D−A structured p-type organic semiconductor (p-OS) small molecules with weak electron-withdrawing ester end groups: SM1 with cyano group (CN) on the ester group and SM2 without the CN group. SM1 showed stronger absorption, lower-lying HOMO energy level, and higher hole mobility in comparison with that of SM2 without the CN groups. The all-smallmolecule organic solar cell (SM-OSC) with SM1 as donor and a narrow bandgap n-OS IDIC as acceptor demonstrated a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.11% and a high fill factor (FF) of 73.55%, while the PCE of the device based on SM2:IDIC is only 5.32% under the same device fabrication condition. The PCE of 10.11% and FF of 73.55% for the SM1-based device are the highest values for the nonfullerene SM-OSCs reported in the literature so far. The results indicate that the cyano substitution in SM1 plays an important role in improving the photovoltaic performance of the p-OS donors in the nonfullerene SM-OSC. In addition, the photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM) was first used in OSCs to characterize the morphology of its donor/acceptor blend active layer.

Rapid nanoscale imaging of the bulk heterojunction layer in organic solar cells is essential to the continued development of high-performance devices. Unfortunately, commonly used imaging techniques such as tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) suffer from significant drawbacks. For instance, assuming domain identity from phase contrast or topographical features can lead to inaccurate morphological conclusions. Here we demonstrate a technique known as photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) for imaging organic solar cell bulk heterojunctions with nanoscale chemical specificity. PiFM is a relatively recent scanning probe microscopy technique that combines an AFM tip with a tunable infrared laser to induce a dipole for chemical imaging. Coupling the nanometer resolution of AFM with the chemical specificity of a tuned IR laser, we are able to spatially map the donor and acceptor domains in a model all-polymer bulk heterojunction with resolution approaching 10 nm. Domain size from PiFM images is compared to bulk-averaged results from resonant soft X-ray scattering, indicating excellent quantitative agreement. Further, we demonstrate that in our all-polymer system, the AFM topography, AFM phase, and PiFM show poor correlation, highlighting the need to move beyond standard AFM for morphology characterization of bulk heterojunctions.

Ecstasy use has been associated with neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairment in a variety of domains, including prospective memory (ProM), which involves the delayed execution of a previously encoded intention in response to a specific cue. The present study adopted the multiprocess theory of ProM to evaluate the hypothesis that ecstasy users would evidence differentially impaired ProM on longer versus shorter ongoing task delays. Ecstasy (n = 31) users, high-risk alcohol users (n = 21) and healthy nonusers (n = 31) completed the short (2-min) and long (15-min) delay ProM scales of the Memory for Intentions Screening Test. Results showed a significant group by ProM delay interaction, such that ecstasy users performed comparably to the comparison groups on short-delay trials, but were impaired on long-delay ProM, particularly for time-based cues. Among the ecstasy users, long-delay ProM was positively associated with risky decision-making, but not with retrospective memory or other aspects of executive functions. These findings suggest that ecstasy users may be particularly susceptible to deficits in strategic target monitoring and maintenance of cue-intention pairings over longer ProM delays. Findings are discussed in the context of their potential everyday functioning (e.g., academic, vocational) and treatment implications for ecstasy users.

No abstract

School-located vaccination events (SLVE) have a long history in the United States and have successfully contributed to lower morbidity and mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases. The school is an ideal place to reach children from all cultures, socioeconomic groups, and age-groups and is conveniently situated in communities for ease of accessibility for students, parents, and staff alike. School nurses play an important role in planning for SLVE and are ideally positioned to initiate this process and provide accurate information, dispelling myths about vaccines. Because school nurses are considered a trusted source of health information by the school community, they can provide valuable education on the impact of vaccination on student and staff attendance. Conducting a successful SLVE requires research, planning, and partnerships, and these partnerships are needed both within the school setting and outside this setting, within the community at large. The proliferation of the current COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent vaccine production has caused school nurses to take the lead in preparing for mass vaccination clinics in order to help mitigate this serious public health threat. This manuscript describes the process a group of school nurses used to develop SLVE plans in response to a pandemic.