OBJECTIVES Use of lidocaine as part of a multimodal approach to postoperative pain management has increased in adults; however, limited information is available regarding safety and tolerability in pediatrics. This study's primary objective was to evaluate the incidence of adverse effects related to lidocaine infusions in a sample of pediatric patients.
METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted in pediatric patients receiving lidocaine infusion for the management of postoperative analgesia at the University of Virginia Health System.
RESULTS A total of 50 patients with 51 infusions were included in the final analysis. The median patient age was 14 years (range, 2–17 years). The most frequent surgeries were spinal fusion (30%), Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum (16%), and nephrectomy (6%). The mean ± SD starting rate was 13.6 ± 6.5 mcg/kg/min. The mean infusion rate during administration was 15.2 ± 6.3 mcg/kg/min, with 14.4 ± 6.2 mcg/kg/min at discontinuation. The mean length of therapy was 30.6 ± 22 hours. A total of 12 infusions (24%) were associated with adverse effects, primarily neurologic ones, including paresthesias in the upper extremities (10%) and visual disturbances (4%). The average time to onset was 16.2 ± 15.2 hours. Seven infusions were discontinued, whereas the remaining infusions resulted in either dose reduction or continuation without further incident. No patients experienced toxicity requiring treatment with lipid emulsion.
CONCLUSIONS In this sample, lidocaine was a well-tolerated addition to multimodal postoperative pain management in the pediatric population. Although adverse effects were common, they were mild and resolved with either dose reduction or discontinuation.
Opioids are used to manage pain, comfort, maintain devices, and decrease oxygen consumption around Norwood palliation (NP), but in high dose and prolonged exposure, they increase risk of tolerance and iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IAWS). Variability in practice for IAWS prevention potentially increases opioid dose and duration. We hypothesize that protocolized weaning with morphine (MOR) versus nonprotocolized methadone (MTD) is associated with reduction in opioid exposure.
DESIGN:A before-versus-after study of outcomes of patients weaned with protocolized MOR versus nonprotocolized MTD including subset analysis for those patients with complications postoperatively. Primary endpoints include daily, wean phase, and total morphine milligram equivalent (MMEq) dose, duration, and, secondarily, length of stay (LOS).
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