The vast majority of (BRCA1/2) genetic testing has been conducted in White women, in particular Ashkenazi Jewish women, with limited information available for Black and Hispanic women. Understanding perspectives of those who are underserved is critical to developing interventions to support inclusive approaches to genetic testing. This qualitative study explored knowledge and perceptions of BRCA1/2 genetic testing among diverse women in South Florida. We also explored participants' information needs. Convenience sampling was used to recruit a diverse group of 15 women with a personal or family history of breast cancer. We conducted semi-structured interviews and used grounded theory method to analyze the data. Five themes were identified: (1) lacking awareness and knowledge of BRCA1/2 genetic testing and results among Black women, (2) perceiving BRCA1/2 genetic testing as beneficial to themselves and a way to be proactive about cancer risk, (3) perceiving BRCA1/2 genetic testing as beneficial to family members, (4) interactions with healthcare providers and the healthcare system that shape genetic testing experiences, and (5) information needs for reducing cancer risk and promoting health. Our findings suggest that diverse underserved women perceived genetic testing as beneficial to themselves and family members. Women needed more information about the BRCA genes and genetic testing, prevention strategies, and the latest breast cancer research. Healthcare providers, particularly nurse practitioners, need to engage diverse high-risk women in discussions about their cancer risk, address unmet information needs, and, in particular, educate Black women about the benefits of pursuing genetic testing.
Background and Aims The BANFF Classification of renal allograft rejection consists of scores for cellular rejection which rely primarily on the evaluation of lymphocytic infiltration into tubules (t), non-atrophic interstitial inflammation (i), total inflammation (ti), and endotheliatis (v.) CD3/PAS is a combination stain that highlights T lymphocytes (CD3) and basement membrane (PAS). The original BANFF scoring was developed using a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain only. This study compares scores for (t) using H&E versus CD3/PAS. Method 50 consecutive renal allograft biopsies were retrieved and on each case H&E and CD3/PAS combination stains (Ventana/Roche tissue Diagnostics Clone 2GV6 for CD3) were performed. One blinded group of matching CD3/PAS and H&E slides were evaluated and reviewed independently by two renal pathologists (Reviewer 1 and 2). Each case was graded in an identical manner following criteria designated for (t) as previously described in the Banff Classification for Renal Allograft Biopsies. Briefly (t)=0 no lymphocytes in 10 tubule cross section (tcx), (t)=1 between 1-4 lymphocytes per tcx, (t)=2 5-10 lymphocytes per tcx and (t)=3 greater than 10 lymphocytes per tcx. Cases were not graded for (v) as there were too few cases with endotheliatis to allow for statistical evaluation. The difference between CD3/PAS versus H&E scores were tested for significance using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. All p values were two-tailed and values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Mean age was 44 years with a range of 9 -75 years. Standard deviation (SD) for age was 18 years. Gender distribution was 20% female and 80% male. 28 cases were graded as (t) = 0 in H&E versus 18 in the CD3/PAS group (59% versus 36%). 17 cases were graded as (t)=1 in H&E group versus 19 in the CD3/PAS group (36% versus 38% respectively). 2 cases were graded (t)=>2 in H&E versus 12 cases in CD3/PAS groups (4% versus 24% respectively). In all categories of (t) there was a higher (t) score when using a CD3/PAS with 42% showing a one digit score increase and 8% showing a 2 digit increase. The difference in scoring for (t) between the H&E set versus the CD3/PAS set for both Reviewers 1 and 2 were statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion This study showed statistically significant higher tubulitis scores when using a CD3/PAS combination stain to grade allograft biopsies. Since (t) scores directly affect the diagnosis of cellular rejection, we propose routine use of CD3/PAS in addition to H&E when reviewing renal allograft biopsies. Compared with H&E, CD3/PAS makes recognition and quantification of lymphocytes crossing the tubular basement membrane easier to detect and therefore more accurate.
Background and Aims The BANFF Classification of renal allograft rejection consists of scores for cellular and antibody mediated rejection. The scores for tubulitis (t), interstitial inflammation (i), glomerulitis (g), total inflammation (ti), and endotheliatis (v) have direct prognostic and therapeutic significance as they contribute to a diagnosis of renal allograft rejection. The original BANFF scoring was developed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain only. This study examines the level of interobserver agreement using H&E and a combination CD3/PAS stain that highlights T lymphocytes and basement membranes. Method 50 consecutive renal allograft biopsies were retrieved and on each case H&E and CD3/PAS stains (Ventana/Roche Tissue Diagnostics clone 2GV6 for CD3) were performed. CD3/PAS and H&E slides were matched and blinded for two reviewers [reviewer (R1) and reviewer 2 (R2)]. Each case was graded in an identical manner following criteria designated for (t),(i),(g) and (ti) as previously described in the Banff Classification for Renal Allograft Biopsies. Cases were not graded for (v) as there were too few cases with endothelialitis to allow for statistical evaluation. The matched scores were analyzed using weighted Kappa statistics for interobserver agreement within each group. Agreement levels were characterized using Landis and Koch descriptions for level of agreement. All p values were two-tailed, values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses was performed using SAS Version 9.4, Cary NC. Results Mean age was 44 years with a range of 9 -75 years. Standard deviation (SD) for age was 18 years. Gender distribution was 20% female and 80% male. Agreement between R1 and R2 for (t) scores was moderate (Weighted Kappa 0.5276) as opposed to fair for H&E group (Weighted Kappa 0.4189). Similarly, interobserver agreement was moderate for scores of (i) and (ti) in the CD3/PAS group and fair in the H&E group. For both CD3/PAS and H&E interrater evaluations, agreement was fair to poor for (g) with weighted Kappa of 0.3928 and 0.3559 respectively. Conclusion This study showed increased levels of interobserver agreement when using a CD3/PAS combination stain to score allograft biopsies for (t), (i) and (ti). Since (t), (i) and (ti) scores directly affect a diagnosis of rejection, we propose routine use of CD3/PAS in addition to H&E when reviewing renal allograft biopsies. Glomerulitis (g) shows poor interobserver agreement regardless of the stain used and further studies to refine the criteria for (g) in Banff revisions of the classification may be of value.
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