governance in the EU, realize the subsidiarity principle as strengthened by the Lisbon Treaty ii , and focus on regulating issues where there is consensus across the EU. Therefore, we propose that the EC initiates an investigation of this model. The approach towards coexistence policies in the EU may serve as an example.In the third of our articles [14], we present certain reform details regarding the postauthorization requirements as well as discuss the current political landscape in the EU and whether any regulatory reform is currently feasible.
Author ContributionsD.E. took the initiative and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All other co-authors each contributed a section to the manuscript and were involved in finalizing the manuscript.
In the United States at this time, no uniform federal law exists regarding commercial surrogacy, and state statutory schemes vary vastly, ranging from criminalization to legal recognition with contract enforcement. The authors examine how commercial surrogacy agencies utilize the Internet as a means for attracting parents and surrogates by employing emotional cultural rhetoric. By inducing both parents and surrogates to their jurisdiction, agencies circumvent vast discrepancies in state statutory regulative schemes and create a distinct interstate business, absent an efficient regulatory framework or legal recourse in some circumstances. The authors propose a uniform federal regulatory scheme premised upon regulating interstate business transactions to create accountability and legal remedies for both the parents and the surrogate.
Whether physicians are being trained or encouraged to commit fraud within corporatized organizational cultures through contractual incentives (or mandates) to optimize billing and process more patients is unknown. What is known is that upcoding and misrepresentation of clinical information (fraud) costs more than $100 billion annually and can result in unnecessary procedures and prescriptions. This article proposes fraud mitigation strategies that combine organizational cultural enhancements and deployment of transparent compliance and risk management systems that rely on front-end data analytics. Fraud in Health Care Growth in corporatization and profitization in medicine, 1 insurance company payment rules, and government regulation have fed natural proclivities, even among physicians, to optimize profits and reimbursements (Florida Department of Health, oral communication, September 2019). 2 According to the most recent Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program Annual Report, in one case a management company "pressured and incentivized" dentists to meet specific production goals through a system that disciplined "unproductive" dentists and awarded cash bonuses tied to the revenue from procedures-including many allegedly medically unnecessary services-they performed. 3 This has come at a price: escalating costs, fraud and abuse, medically unnecessary services, adverse effects on patient safety, 4 and physician burnout. 5 Breaking the cycle of bad behaviors that are induced in part by financial incentives speaks to core ethical issues in the practice of medicine that can be addressed through a combination of organizational and cultural enhancements and more transparent practice-based compliance and risk
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