National strategies to manage COVID-19, including lockdown, have caused significant disruption to student learning and to the ways that students engage with staff and peers. The transition to online learning, alongside common anxieties associated with the disease itself, was likely to have affected student mental health. This study explored psychology student mental health experiences during Lockdown Phase 3 at the University of the Witwatersrand. A convenience sample of 160 first- and second-year psychology students completed a questionnaire consisting of the General Mental Health Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Burnout Measure, the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Generalised Self Efficacy Scale. In addition, six open-ended questions asking students about their experiences and support during this time were included. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, whereas content and thematic analysis was used for the open-ended responses. Results indicated that students’ scores were not elevated on the mental health scales. However, the thematic analysis of responses revealed significant concerns with regard to psychological wellbeing, online learning, and home dynamics. These are discussed with a view to providing recommendations for supporting students in circumstances that may require emergency remote teaching.

The New Beginnings program was developed at the Anna Freud Centre and originally piloted in Her Majesty Prisons in the United Kingdom. This study aimed to explore the use of this manualized parent-infant psychotherapy group model in an African setting with high-risk mother-infant dyads, and describes the implementation and investigation of this 12-week group psychotherapy intervention in two Johannesburg shelters for homeless women. The measures used to investigate treatment efficacy were the Parent Development Interview (A. Slade, J.L. Aber, I. Bresgi, B. Berger, & M. Kaplan,), the Emotional Availability Scales (Z. Biringen, J.L. Robinson, & R.N. Emde,), the Kessler-10 (R.C. Kessler et al.,), and the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development (D. Luiz et al., . At pretesting, infants exhibited delays in a number of developmental areas, and mothers showed high levels of depression and generally low capacities for reflective function. While significant shifts in the mothers' capacities for reflective function were not found in the treatment condition, significant shifts were found in the infants' speech abilities and in the mothers' abilities to structure their interactions with their infants. This suggests that the program enabled mothers to become more sensitized to their infants' needs in interaction and that communication between mother and infant increased. The number of sessions attended by the dyads correlated with improvements made by the mothers and their infants.

Recent scholarly insights show that nonverbal and subtle forms of sensitive responsiveness are more applicable to describing and assessing non-Western parent-infant interactions than the more extraverted Western varieties of responsiveness. This paper examines whether the original Ainsworth scale (that does not specify particular manifestations of sensitivity) reveals different patterns of results in 50 South African mothers when compared to the Maternal Behavior Q-sort mini that assesses a more specified array of behaviors that may vary in their goodness of fit regarding the cultural context. The analysis reveals that there are key differences in the way the two measures operationalize maternal sensitivity, as seen in the incongruence of sensitivity ratings. The two measures are also shown to relate differently to maternal education and reflective functioning in this sample. The paper concludes that the Ainsworth sensitivity scale is better suited for use in the context of Alexandra Township, Johannesburg.

This article is part of a project investigating the interfacing of clinically and research-generated knowledge in the field of infant mental health (IMH) with local cultural models of child care and development. The article explores the experiences and challenges reported by psychology-trained supervisors in supervision with local, lay, trained home visitors. Supervisors and supervisees were drawn from two early intervention programs which apply relational IMH mental health models in socioeconomically deprived townships in South Africa. Literature that considers supervisors' experiences of conducting supervision with lay counselors has been limited, and even more so in settings where there are marked cultural and contextual differences between supervisors and supervisees. These differences pose particular challenges regarding the finding of a shared theoretical understanding of the work as well as to the establishment of a secure working alliance. While it was found that psychoanalytic and attachment-informed theories of infant development are applicable in these South African settings, differences in race, language, education, socioeconomic status, and culture between supervisors and supervisees challenge the supervisor-supervisee relationship and require psychological processing and creative solutions to ensure integrity in the application of the model.

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There is evidence that sensitive responsiveness is manifested differently in varying cultural contexts. This exploratory study examines a sample of 50 South African mothers in the context of a socioeconomically deprived Township, and investigates differences between the Ainsworth sensitivity scale (that does not specify particular manifestations of sensitivity) and the Maternal Behavior Q-sort (MBQ) mini, that assesses a more specified array of behaviors. Results showed a significant but modest association between the two measures, and maternal education was related to the MBQ-mini but not the Ainsworth scores. This pattern of results appears to be due to the higher salience of social games and verbal teaching in the MBQ-mini than in the Ainsworth scale. Such behaviors are less common in South African parenting, where more physical forms of responsiveness seem more typical. A local "South African" sort was developed to capture culture-specific manifestations of sensitivity.

Much research details the psychological risks to individuals exposed as children to intimate partner violence (IPV). However, resilience has been a neglected area of study within this population. This article details adaptive responses in six participants exposed to IPV in childhood. Adult attachment interviews (AAI) and follow-up semi-structured interviews analyzed using an interpretive thematic analysis revealed common themes relating to psychological defenses and adaptive strategies. Despite exposure to IPV in childhood, these six women were found to have secure attachment states of mind. Resilience was found not to be necessarily synonymous with the absence of distress. Despite the presence of suffering, it remained strongly associated with adaptive, robust defenses to manage distress and to retain caregiving relationships with parents. These defenses appeared to provide participants with ways to survive their traumatic environments and to remain connected to needed but frightening caregiving figures, and facilitated processing of trauma. Adaptation often entailed using compliance and caregiving responses in childhood in response to role reversal in parent-child relationships, but also the relinquishing of these roles in adulthood. Participants' abilities to coherently acknowledge and discuss their early experiences and retain compassion for their parents seemed linked to their abilities to attain some distance from troubling aspects of their pasts. In doing so, they separated from the unstable relationships of their parents, which fostered transitions to more integrated states of mind.

The recent call for the scale-up of evidence-based early childhood development interventions, in lower and middle-income countries and for minority groups in highincome countries, has seen numerous suggestions to train greater numbers of lay mental health workers to fulfill these functions. While studies have found that concepts from developed country settings, such as attachment, parental sensitivity, and containment, find purchase and relevance within developing settings, the management of contextual and cultural factors and the tensions of cultural interfacing in the rollout of these programs in developing country settings require consideration. Drawing on the experiences of two successful South African mother-infant home-visiting programs as examples, this article discusses some of the challenges in provision of attachmentbased infant mental health programs and highlights the need for careful consideration of a number of factors pertaining to the recruitment, supervision, and management of lay mental health workers before large-scale rollout is conducted. K E Y W O R D S infant mental health policy, lay counselors, scale-up of early interventions, supervision RESUMENLa reciente llamada para aumentar proporcionalmente las intervenciones sobre el desarrollo en la niñez con base en la evidencia, en países de ingresos más bajos e ingresos medios, y en el caso de grupos minoritarios en países de ingresos altos, ha visto numerosas sugerencias para entrenar un mayor número de trabajadores laicos de la salud mental que puedan realizar estas funciones. Mientras que los estudios han concluido con que conceptos provenientes de ambientes de países desarrollados, tales como afectividad, sensibilidad de los padres y contención, venden y encuentran relevancia dentro de escenarios de países en desarrollo, el tratamiento de factores contextuales y culturales y las tensiones de interconexiones culturales en la introducción de estos programas en escenarios de países en desarrollo requiere consideración. Utilizando las experiencias de dos exitosos programas madre-infante de visitas a casa en Sudáfrica como ejemplos, este artículo discute algunos de los retos en cuanto a la provisión de programas de salud mental infantil basados en la afectividad y subraya la necesidad de la Infant Ment Health J. 2019;40:889-905. © 2019 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health 889 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imhj 890 BAIN ET AL.cuidadosa consideración de un número de factores referentes al reclutamiento, supervisión y dirección de trabajadores laicos de la salud mental antes de que se lleve a cabo la introducción a gran escala. PA L A B R A S C L AV E Saumento proporcional de intervenciones tempranas, consejeros laicos, supervisión, políticas de salud mental infantil RÉSUMÉ L'injonction récente à intensifier les programmes d'intervention de développement de la petite enfance fondés sur des données probantes, dans des pays en voie de développement, et pour des groupes minoritaires dans les pays riches, a déclenché de nombreuses suggestions...