Gender-based violence (GBV) against women and girls is pervasive and has negative consequences for sexual and reproductive health (SRH). In this systematic review of reviews, we aimed to synthesize research about the SRH outcomes of GBV for adolescent girls and young women in low-and middleincome countries (LMICs). GBV exposures were child abuse, female genital mutilation/cutting, child marriage, intimate partner violence (IPV), and non-partner sexual violence. PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus searches were supplemented with expert consultations, reference-list searches, and targeted organizational website searches. Reviews had to contain samples of girls and young women ages 10-24, although inclusion criteria were expanded post-hoc to capture adolescent-adult combined samples. Twenty-seven reviews were quality-rated. Study-level data were extracted from the 10 highest quality reviews (62 unique studies, 100 samples). Reviews were mostly from Africa and Asia and published between 2011 and 2015. We found consistent associations between GBV and number of sexual partners, gynecological conditions (e.g., sexually transmitted infections [STIs]), unwanted/unplanned pregnancy, and abortion. Some types of IPV also were associated with greater use of contraception/STI prevention. Addressing GBV is essential to improve SRH for girls and women in LMICs.

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During and following Hurricane Katrina, families and children in the central Gulf Coast experienced multiple losses, forced relocation, unsafe living conditions, violence, and deprivation (see Introduction and chaps. 1 and 10, this volume). Indeed, in the days and weeks following the floods, many children and their families were exposed to violence, did not know the whereabouts of their loved ones, and were unable to meet their basic needs (Osofsky, Osofsky, &. Harris, 2007). Entire communities and social networks were severely damaged; fragmented by forced relocation; or, in some cases, even disappeared, limiting families' ability to rely on these sources to help them cope with Katrina's aftermath.The process of reconstruction and recovery from the hurricane has been slow and plagued with difficulties. One year after the hurricane, about 100,000 survivors, many of them children, remained in trailers provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or other types of temporary housing (Save the Children, 2006

As early as the 1970s, it was suggested that nonhuman primates may serve as models of human reproductive senescence. In the present study, the reproductive outcomes of 1,255 pregnancies in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were examined in relation to parity and its covariate, maternal age. The results show that the percentage of positive pregnancy outcomes was negatively correlated with increasing parity. In addition, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and caesarian sections (Csections) were positively correlated with increasing parity. Maternal age, rather than parity, was found to be the most important predictor of negative birth outcome. This study supports research demonstrating reproductive decline and termination in nonhuman primates, and is the first to quantitatively account for this phenomenon in captive female chimpanzees.

Objective: Men’s justification of intimate partner violence (IPV), control, and IPV perpetration persist globally. We tested feminist theories of dominant masculinity norms and gendered social learning in childhood to explain young married men’s violent attitudes and behaviors. Method: The sample was ever-married—junior men (18–29 years, n = 774), senior men (30–54 years, n = 2,398), and women (15–49 years, n = 3,841)—in 307 communities from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Two-level logistic regression models tested whether community norms of masculine dominance and childhood exposure to father-on-mother IPV were associated with higher odds of justifying IPV, controlling family decisions, and perpetrating physical IPV. Results: Compared with senior men, junior men more often justified IPV, controlled family decisions, and perpetrated physical IPV in the prior year; junior men also more often were exposed as children to father-on-mother IPV. In multilevel models, witnessing father-on-mother IPV in childhood and living amid stronger norms of masculine dominance were associated, respectively, with higher adjusted odds of justifying IPV (adjusted odds ratios [aORs] = 1.86 and 33.45), controlling family decisions (aORs = 2.03 and 25.03), and perpetrating physical IPV (aORs = 3.19 and 3.39). Conclusion: Findings support a situational, feminist social ecological model of the influences of community norms of masculine dominance and of gendered social learning on young men’s violent attitudes and behavior in marriage. Promoting positive masculinities and reducing men’s exposure to violence in childhood may be needed to curtail violence against women in Bangladesh and similar settings.