Multiple studies have demonstrated the presence of vaccinegenerated IgG, IgM, and IgA in breastmilk samples, 1,2 although their protective effect for COVID-19 on the breastfed infant is currently unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the transfer of these antibodies into infantile circulation as a possible mode of transferred immunity.This was a longitudinal cohort study, including lactating COVID-naive women who received two Pfizer BioNTech (Pfizer) BNT162b2 vaccines with a 3-week interval, and their infants. Blood samples were collected from the mothers before, and 4 and 8 weeks after, the first vaccine. The COVID-naive status was confirmed by the absence of anti-spike (S) antibodies before vaccination. Breastmilk samples were collected 4 and 8 weeks after the first vaccine. One blood sample was collected from the infant 8 weeks after the first maternal vaccine. The study was approved by the local ethical committee (advice number 2801) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Anti-S SARS CoV-2 IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay; Abbott; cutoff 50 AU/ml) and Anti-S SARS CoV-2 IgM + IgA (COVID-19 ELISA IgM + IgA; Vircell; cutoff 8 O.D.) antibodies were determined, respectively, by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay on the ARCHITECT i System (Abbott) and a manual ELISA, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were obtained from 12 consecutive white mothers and their infants. The demographic characteristics of all participants are shown in Table 1. The results of the breastmilk and maternal serum samples are shown in Figure S1. We could detect anti-S SARS CoV-2 IgM + IgA antibodies in only one of the 13 infantile serum samples, whereas none contained anti-S SARS CoV-2 IgG above the cut-off specified by the manufacturer.In this longitudinal cohort study, we could not detect vaccine generated anti-S SARS CoV-2 IgG in serum samples obtained from infants 8 weeks after maternal vaccination. These results argue against substantial transfer of vaccine-generated antibodies into
MOEIN TAGHAVI and ELDEEB population, and no oncology cases, likely pointing to the destruction and fragmentation of the healthcare infrastructure and screening services. 3 Women in conflict zones are forced to give birth in severely suboptimal facilities and often in vulnerable, unsheltered areas under open fire. The United Nations Population Fund reports that there are 265 000 pregnant women in Ukraine, with 80 000 expected to give birth in the next 3 months, and they are facing a similar fate. 4Despite the challenges and gendered impacts of armed conflict on women, it is important to break stereotypes that reduce women to a victim status only. History has demonstrated the resilience of women and the major role they have played in providing stability to areas affected by armed conflict. They have done this, over the centuries, by maintaining homes, raising and protecting children, and supporting the military with nursing care, food and informally generated capital for the economy. It is also often women who take the first steps in rebuilding the foundations of society and establishing domestic and economic order.In conclusion, this short report highlights that armed conflict contributes to greater health inequities. There is an urgent need to protect women's health in these areas. This is imminently relevant to the conflicts in Syria, Sudan,
While no evidence of significant increase in suicide was detected during the very first phase of the pandemic, death rates and suicide attempts increased in several settings in subsequent phases, especially among women and girls.
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