Fish stocks, as common pool resources, are more and more managed by giving fishermen exclusive access rights as Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ). These have been widely discussed, with focus on social, economic and ecological issues. While equity aspects have been of great concern, there is very limited analysis about how to assess issues of equity and fair distribution when introducing ITQs. This paper applies an existing framework for assessing equity in resource use systems to tradable quota systems in fisheries. The framework defines the perspectives of distributive fairness, the stakeholders who are bound by fair practice rules, and instruments of fairness, and identifies metrics to assess equity in practice. We assess if the framework provides practical guidance for evaluating whether a given ITQ system operates under an equitable framework programme.
In Der deutsch-isliindische Fischereizonenstreit 1972-1976: Krisenfall fiir die NATO?, author Katrin Rupprecht thoroughly examines the particular stages ofthe dispute between the Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland ensuing from the extension of Iceland's fishing zones during the period from 1972 to 1976 and, within this context, the impact on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Although that fishing dispute has been well described in the literature of fisheries history, maritime historians should not miss reading this extremely well-documented book. The author has consulted the files of the German Department of Foreign Affairs which have now become available. These comprise summary reports ofconversations within NATO between Iceland, Great Britain, and Germany at the diplomatic level. By evaluating these newly accessible files, Rupprecht helps fill a gap in the history of NATO in the 1970s. Her focus is on the strategic significance of Iceland's membership in NATO for the history of the so-called "cod wars." Against this background, the analysis offers new insights into the development of Iceland's foreign affairs and, within this context, the importance of its fishing policy. Rupprecht has organized her analysis in four parts. These cover the underlying reasons for Iceland's position in the conflict, Germany's motivations in maintaining negotiations and finding an agreement with its partner in the dispute, the United Kingdom, the consequences of the conflict for NATO, and, finally, an analysis of the legal background to the dispute. The analysis begins with the Second World War, focussing on the role of the then newly independent Iceland with regard to foreign affairs and the importance of fishing. In the postwar period, the analysis focuses on the economic-political rationale of the Icelandic government's negotiations for the expansion of the fishing zones. The influence of the Communist Party on the domestic political position is also addressed. The second part concentrates on the relationship between Iceland and the Federal Republic of Germany and its position within NATO. Rupprecht examines the reaction of Bonn to Iceland's extension of its fishing zones and the representations of German interests. At the time, NATO was a particularly important tool in the security of Western Europe. The question which Rupprecht investigates is therefore the degree to which alliances between NATO partners were decisive factors in resolving the German-Icelandic con flict. In the third part, Rupprecht moves on to an analysis of the reactions to the conflict on NATO and its member states. Her investigation of the German-Icelandic conflict over the extension of fishing zones unfolds with particular attention to the development of NATO as a whole. The organization had undergone severe crises. The study investigates whether the conflict over the extension of fishing areas had an impact
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