Foster children exhibit a broad pattern of developmental problems and psychopathology. The etiology of these disorders is discussed in the context of multiple risk factors, especially that of persistent maltreatment.

Genes encoding synaptic proteins are highly associated with neuronal disorders many of which show clinical co-morbidity. We integrated 58 published synaptic proteomic datasets that describe over 8000 proteins and combined them with direct protein–protein interactions and functional metadata to build a network resource that reveals the shared and unique protein components that underpin multiple disorders. All the data are provided in a flexible and accessible format to encourage custom use.

BoneXpert performs reliable bone age ratings in children with CAH.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Single-cell omics (SCO) has revolutionized the way and the level of resolution by which life science research is conducted, not only impacting our understanding of fundamental cell biology but also providing novel solutions in cutting-edge medical research. The rapid development of single-cell technologies has been accompanied by the active development of data analysis methods, resulting in a plethora of new analysis tools and strategies every year. Such a rapid development of SCO methods and tools poses several challenges in standardization, benchmarking, computational resources and training. These challenges are in line with the activities of ELIXIR, the European coordinated infrastructure for life science data. Here, we describe the current landscape of and the main challenges in SCO data, and propose the creation of the ELIXIR SCO Community, to coordinate the efforts in order to best serve SCO researchers in Europe and beyond. The Community will build on top of national experiences and pave the way towards integrated long-term solutions for SCO research.

Introduction Depression, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are among the major non-communicable diseases, leading to significant disability and mortality worldwide. These diseases may share environmental and genetic determinants associated with multimorbid patterns. Stressful early-life events are among the primary factors associated with the development of mental and physical diseases. However, possible causative mechanisms linking early life stress (ELS) with psycho-cardio-metabolic (PCM) multi-morbidity are not well understood. This prevents a full understanding of causal pathways towards the shared risk of these diseases and the development of coordinated preventive and therapeutic interventions. Methods and analysis This paper describes the study protocol for EarlyCause, a large-scale and inter-disciplinary research project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The project takes advantage of human longitudinal birth cohort data, animal studies and cellular models to test the hypothesis of shared mechanisms and molecular pathways by which ELS shapes an individual’s physical and mental health in adulthood. The study will research in detail how ELS converts into biological signals embedded simultaneously or sequentially in the brain, the cardiovascular and metabolic systems. The research will mainly focus on four biological processes including possible alterations of the epigenome, neuroendocrine system, inflammatome, and the gut microbiome. Life-course models will integrate the role of modifying factors as sex, socioeconomics, and lifestyle with the goal to better identify groups at risk as well as inform promising strategies to reverse the possible mechanisms and/or reduce the impact of ELS on multi-morbidity development in high-risk individuals. These strategies will help better manage the impact of multi-morbidity on human health and the associated risk.

The desire to explain how synaptic plasticity arises from interactions between ions, proteins and other signalling molecules has propelled the development of biophysical models of molecular pathways in hippocampal, striatal and cerebellar synapses. The experimental data underpinning such models is typically obtained from low-throughput, hypothesis-driven experiments. We used high-throughput proteomic data and bioinformatics datasets to assess the coverage of biophysical models.To determine which molecules have been modelled, we surveyed biophysical models of synaptic plasticity, identifying which proteins are involved in each model. We were able to map 4.2% of previously reported synaptic proteins to entities in biophysical models. Linking the modelled protein list to Gene Ontology terms shows that modelled proteins are focused on functions such as calmodulin binding, cellular responses to glucagon stimulus, G-alpha signalling and DARPP-32 events.We cross-linked the set of modelled proteins with sets of genes associated with common neurological diseases. We find some examples of disease-associated molecules that are well represented in models, such as voltage-dependent calcium channel family (CACNA1C ), dopamine D1 receptor, and glutamate ionotropic NMDA type 2A and 2B receptors. Many other disease-associated genes have not been included in models of synaptic plasticity, for example catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT ) and MAOA. By incorporating pathway enrichment results, we identify LAMTOR, a gene uniquely associated with Schizophrenia, which is closely linked to the MAPK pathway found in some models.Our analysis provides a map of how molecular pathways underpinning neurological diseases relate to synaptic biophysical models that can in turn be used to explore how these molecular events might bridge scales into cellular processes and beyond. The map illustrates disease areas where biophysical models have good coverage as well as domain gaps that require significant further research. Author summaryThe 100 billion neurons in the human brain are connected by a billion trillion structures called synapses. Each synapse contains hundreds of different proteins. Some proteins sense the activity of the neurons connecting the synapse. Depending on what they sense, . 28, 2018; the proteins in the synapse are rearranged and new proteins are synthesised. This changes how strongly the synapse influences its target neuron, and underlies learning and memory. Scientists build computational models to reason about the complex interactions between proteins. Here we list the proteins that have been included in computational models to date. For good reasons, models do not always specify proteins precisely, so to make the list we had to translate the names used for proteins in models to gene names, which are used to identify proteins. Our translation could be used to label computational models in the future. We found that the list of modelled proteins contains only 4.2% of proteins associated with synapses, suggesting mor...

AbstractIntroductionDepression, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are among the major non-communicable diseases, leading to significant disability and mortality worldwide. These diseases may share environmental and genetic determinants associated with multimorbid patterns. Stressful early-life events are among the primary factors associated with the development of mental and physical diseases. However, possible causative mechanisms linking early life stress (ELS) with psycho-cardio-metabolic (PCM) multi-morbidity are not well understood. This prevents a full understanding of causal pathways towards shared risk of these diseases and the development of coordinated preventive and therapeutic interventions.Methods and analysisThis paper describes the study protocol for EarlyCause, a large-scale and inter-disciplinary research project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The project takes advantage of human longitudinal birth cohort data, animal studies and cellular models to test the hypothesis of shared mechanisms and molecular pathways by which ELS shape an individual’s physical and mental health in adulthood. The study will research in detail how ELS converts into biological signals embedded simultaneously or sequentially in the brain, the cardiovascular and metabolic systems. The research will mainly focus on four biological processes including possible alterations of the epigenome, neuroendocrine system, inflammatome, and the gut microbiome. Life course models will integrate the role of modifying factors as sex, socioeconomics, and lifestyle with the goal to better identify groups at risk as well as inform promising strategies to reverse the possible mechanisms and/or reduce the impact of ELS on multi-morbidity development in high-risk individuals. These strategies will help better manage the impact of multi-morbidity on human health and the associated risk.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Ethics Board of the European Commission. The results will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals, and disseminated to and communicated with clinicians, patient organisations and media.