This paper presents an innovative unicycle which is powered by a fourquadrant dc-servo drive consisting of a permanent exited dc-motor and a 4qchopper converter. The control of gravitation, speed and torque is done by an observer-based cascade structure which stabilizes the unicycle automatically and places the driver's position in such a way that the centre of gravity is always above the axle of the wheel. As electric drive systems are able to correct the tilt angle nearly one hundred times a second these electric onewheelers can stand absolutely alone just like ghostly balanced.
We use a change in the voting procedures of one of the two chambers of the Swiss parliament to explore how transparency affects the voting behavior of its members. Until 2013, the Upper House (Council of States) had voted by a show of hands. Legislators' decisions could only be verified ex post through the time-consuming screening of online videos. In 2014, halfway through the legislative period, the chamber switched to electronic voting with online publication of individual decisions, significantly increasing transparency. Data cover individual voting behavior during the 2011-2015 legislative period. In a differencein-difference framework, the Lower House (National Council), serves as a control group. Not only have the voting procedures of the Lower House remained unchanged since 2007 but also the legislative texts of the votes we analyze are the same in both chambers. This unique framework makes it possible to estimate the causal effects of transparency on legislators' choices. Members of the Upper House are significantly less likely to deviate from their party line after the reform. While parties benefit from improved conformity, voters lose influence over their legislators. Two legislators representing the same canton are less likely to cast an aligned vote if their parties have distinct party lines.
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractWe study whether the number of signatures collected to qualify a popular initiative affects the probability of reforming the status quo. The initiative process is modeled as a sequential game under uncertainty: petitioners make an entry decision and collect signatures to qualify the initiative. Politicians decide about a political compromise -a counter proposal -after which petitioners have the option to withdraw the initiative before the vote. In equilibrium, politicians infer the initiative's popularity from the number of signatures and collection time. They more likely grant counter proposals to initiatives perceived as a threat to the status quo. To prove their success probability, petitioners sometimes have the incentive to collect more signatures than required for qualification.We test model predictions based on the data set of all Swiss constitutional initiatives at federal level between 1891 and 2010. Overall, we find supporting evidence for the model mechanisms. Reforms are most likely once a far-reaching counter proposal is issued such that the initiative is withdrawn. We find a significant effect of collecting more signatures than required on the probability of provoking a compromise.
In order to make a conventional unicycle useable for everybody there are two steps of modification necessary. First a proper stabilization in sideways directions and a good steering-ability requires a broad air-filled rubber wheel. Secondly a high-dynamical electric drive system guarantees the automatically stabilization in forward and backward directions. A gravity control places the centre of gravity always above the axle of the wheel in the manner of an inverse pendulum. As electric drives are able to correct the tilt angle nearly one hundred times a second these innovative onewheeler can stand absolutely alone just like ghostly balanced. A movement will be initiated by a slight shift of the driver in forward or backward direction without any control elements such as joysticks, pedals or switches. Electric unicycles offer a completely new driving experience and can be used in all areas of leisure, home and office.
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