We present a very simple method for measuring the spatial coherence of quasi-monochromatic fields through the comparison of two measurements of the radiant intensity with and without a small obscuration at the test plane. From these measurements one can measure simultaneously the field's coherence at all pairs of points whose centroid is the centroid of the obstacle. This method can be implemented without the need of any refractive or diffractive focusing elements.
We analyze and test a general approach for efficiently measuring space-variant partially coherent quasi-monochromatic fields using only amplitude masks and free propagation. A phase-space description is presented to analyze approaches of this type and understand their limitations. Three variants of the method are discussed and compared, the first using an aperture mask, the second employing both an obstacle (the exact inverse of the aperture) and a clear mask, and the last combining the previous two. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each option.
The camera lenses that are built into the current generation of mobile devices are extremely stressed by the excessively tight packaging requirements, particularly the length. As a result, the aspheric departures and slopes on the lens surfaces, when designed with conventional power series based aspheres, are well beyond those encountered in most optical systems. When the as-manufactured performance is considered, the excessive aspheric slopes result in unusually high sensitivity to tilt and decenter and even despace resulting in unusually low manufacturing yield. Q(bfs) polynomials, a new formulation for nonspherical optical surfaces introduced by Forbes, not only build on orthogonal polynomials, but their unique normalization provides direct access to the RMS slope of the aspheric departure during optimization. Using surface shapes with this description in optimization results in equivalent performance with reduced alignment sensitivity and higher yield. As an additional approach to increasing yield, mechanically imposed external pivot points, introduced by Bottema, can be used as a design technique to further reduce alignment sensitivity and increase yield. In this paper, the Q-type polynomials and external pivot points were applied to a mobile device camera lens designed using an active RMS slope constraint that was then compared to a design developed using conventional power series surface descriptions. Results show that slope constrained Q-type polynomial description together with external pivot points lead directly to solutions with significantly higher manufacturing yield.
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