[No abstract available

The use of anticholinergic drugs by people with overactive bladder syndrome results in statistically significant improvement in symptoms. However, the clinical significance of these differences is uncertain, and the longer-term effects are not known. Dry mouth is a common side effect of therapy.

Tolterodine administration resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of voiding and improved voided volume but it was seldom associated with troublesome or severe side effects.

Initial evaluation of the home application of surface neuromodulation in children with urgency and/or urge incontinence revealed positive results and warrants a randomized controlled investigation. The finding that children were not completely dry with this treatment in isolation suggests that further study is needed to identify optimal treatment duration and stimulus intensity.

Functional and radioligand binding studies with selective agonists and antagonists were used to investigate tachykinin receptors in the human bladder. Strips of detrusor muscle were contracted by the tachykinins neurokinin A and neuropeptide gamma, and by the NK2 receptor selective agonists [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4-10) and [Lys5,Tyr(I2)7,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4- 10), with pD2 values 8.2, 8.0, 8.1 and 7.1. [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-SP and senktide were ineffective agonists, indicating an absence of NK1 and NK3 receptors. The contractile responses to [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4-10) were inhibited competitively by the NK2 receptor selective antagonists SR 48968, GR 94800 and MDL 29913, with pA2 values 9.1, 8.6 and 7.0. Specific binding of the new NK2 receptor selective radioligand [125I]-[Lys5,Tyr(I2)7,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4-10) was saturable to a high affinity site (KD 2.3 nM.). Specific binding was inhibited by NK2 receptor agonists and antagonists, but not by NK1 and NK3 analogues, showing binding to NK2 receptors only. These data indicate that NK2 receptors may be involved in regulation of detrusor contractility in the human bladder.