Abstract:Purpose -This paper aims to assess the significance of trade credit -as a source of finance -for micro and small enterprises in Poland. Design/methodology/approach -This article reviews literature related to trade credit use by enterprises, with particular attention paid to its significance for micro and small businesses. The paper employs data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO) to assess the scale of trade credit use by small businesses in Poland. In this paper, the author also presents the results of her own research conducted on a sample of microenterprises from Lubelskie Province. Findings -Analysis of CSO data confirms the significant position of liabilities from deliveries and services in the short-term liabilities of small enterprises in Poland. The results of the author's own research provide evidence that trade credit is of significant importance to its users. Analysis of reasons for not using trade credit by micro-enterprises suggests their mainly demand-side nature. Originality/value -Although the use of trade credit is widespread and it has been the subject of comprehensive research, there is a shortage of studies investigating trade credit use by micro and small enterprises in Poland. By empirically examining this issue, this article makes a contribution to the literature on trade credit.
Several studies conducted in various countries have addressed the technical efficiency of dairies. However, there is a paucity of research on the technical efficiency of dairies in Poland, particularly in relation to their legal form (i.e., cooperatives vs. non-cooperatives). The existing literature also does not provide insights into the technical efficiency of these entities with respect to different regions’ milk production capacity. Therefore, this paper aims to: (1) evaluate and compare the technical efficiency of cooperative and non-cooperative dairies in Poland, and (2) examine dairies’ technical efficiency due to spatial disparities in milk production potential. We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to investigate the technical efficiency of 108 dairies in Poland for the year 2019. The milk production capacity of provinces is examined by applying the zero unitarization method. The results show that when assuming constant returns to scale (CRS), dairy cooperatives are less technically efficient than non-cooperatives, whereas when assuming variable returns to scale (VRS), these differences are not statistically significant. For inefficient dairies, we observe the greatest potential for improvement in labor costs and depreciation. Both cooperatives and non-cooperatives operate mostly under decreasing returns to scale. Thus, the potential for enhancing the technical efficiency of dairies through the consolidation process seems to be exploited. Our findings reveal that the technical efficiency of dairies in Poland is not differentiated by regional milk production potential.
Research and development expenditure in Poland in comparison to the EU member states This paper investigates the issue of research and development (R&D) activity in Poland in 2010-2018 on the basis of the R&D expenditure. It begins with a brief introduction to the concept of R&D in the context of innovative activity. The next two sections discuss the results of the empirical research on R&D expenditure. While the second section presents results for Poland only, the third one looks at the results of comparative analyses of R&D expenditure in Poland versus other EU member states. The results indicate that Poland has experienced a significant progress in the field of R&D activity over the last years. However, there is still a considerable distance between Poland and the EU R&D leaders.
Purpose -The aim of this paper is to analyse the spatial differences in the investment outlays of micro and small enterprises in Poland at the level of voivodeships in [2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015]. Design/methodology/approach -The research was conducted on the basis of CSO data for the years 2009-2015. The research methods used in the paper include an analysis of the structure and dynamics of the investment outlays of non-financial micro and small entities. With the aim to assess the investment activity of micro and small enterprises, investment outlays per entity, investment outlays per person employed, and the ratio of investment outlays to revenues were calculated. Findings -Analysis of CSO data for the years 2009-2015 reveals differences between voivodeships in the investment activity of micro and small enterprises measured by investment outlays per entity, investment outlays per person employed, and the ratio of investment outlays to revenues. Originality/value -Since a lot of research concerns small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as a group, this article, which focuses on the investment activity of micro and small entities separately, makes a contribution to the literature on the functioning of micro and small enterprises in Poland.
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