Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) could find application in many areas of industry. A review of synthesis methods of medium and high substituted CMS was presented. The influence of synthesis parameters on degree of substitution (DS) as well as reaction efficiency was described. The methodology of CMS physicochemical properties determination as well as the relation between CMS chemical characteristics (e.g. DS, amylose/amylopectin ratio) and its physicochemical properties was presented. Moreover, reported CMS applications were submitted.
The preparation method of starch‐based films cross‐linked with citric acid (CA) and containing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been described. The addition of MCC improved mechanical properties of polysaccharide films. Young's modulus and tensile strength increased from 42 to 96 MPa and from 2.6 to 3.9 MPa, respectively, for unfilled starch/CA films and similar system containing 15 wt% MCC, respectively. Moreover, the presence of cellulose filler influenced the thermal properties of starch‐based material: with increasing MCC content glass transition (tan δ) increased from 108 up to 129°C, respectively, for unfilled system and containing 15 wt% MCC. Additionally, the hydrophilicity of starch‐based films was reduced, as moisture absorption and solubility in water decreased. Novel application of reinforced biodegradable starch‐based films as pressure sensitive adhesive carrier (for double‐sided tapes used in paper industry) was successfully proposed.
The carboxymethyl starch-based films in a presence of citric acid were prepared by casting technique. The influence of citric acid content on physicochemical properties of obtained hydrophilic films were evaluated (solubility in water, moisture absorption, mechanical and thermal properties). The crosslinking of starch derivative chains has been confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, however, an excess of citric acid could cause hydrolysis of carboxymethyl starch chains. The best mechanical performance has been noted for the system containing 30 wt% (the highest tensile strength as well Young modulus 160 kPa and 650 kPa, respectively) as well as the highest T g (ca. 58 °C). Additionally for the mentioned system the lowest solubility in water has been determined.
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