Tolerance to pink snow mold caused by Microdochium nivale appears after a cold-hardening period and it is an essential, genotype-dependent, complex quantitative trait for the wintering of triticale (x Triticosecale) and other cereals. Despite long-term studies, a marker for the selection of the tolerant genotypes is still insufficiently recognized. Chlorophyll fluorescence has been reported as a sensitive indicator of stress effects on photosynthesis and can be used to predict plant tolerance. In this study, the genomic regions (QTLs) associated with the level of winter triticale seedlings damage caused by M. nivale infection as well as photosynthesis quantum efficiency and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were identified in seedlings of mapping population of 89 doubled haploids lines (DHs) derived from F1 hybrid of cv. ‘Hewo’ and cv. ‘Magnat’ accompanied with the genetic map consisting of 20 linkage groups with a total map length 4997.4 cm. Independent experiments performed in controlled conditions revealed 13 regions identified by a composite interval mapping, located on 7A, 1B, 2B, 6B, 7B, 3R, 5R, and 6R linkage groups and related to the PI, PIABS, TRo/CS, ABS/CS, ABS/CSm, ABS/RC, and Qy values as well as M. nivale tolerance T and susceptibility level P expressed by the seedling damage index. Additionally, candidate genes were in silico identified with the sequence position on wheat (2B and 7B) and rye (5R) chromosomes, where relevant QTL regions were found. The most important candidate genes indicated for M. nivale tolerance of cold-hardened triticale seedlings include those coding: sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase UGT80A2-like, transcription factor NAI1-like, and flavonol3-sulfotransferase-like proteins on chromosomes 2B and 5R.
The increasing economic importance of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) makes this synthetic hybrid cereal an interesting object of genetic studies. Genomic regions (QTL) of morphological winter triticale traits were determined using the mapping population of 89 doubled haploids lines (DHs) developed from F 1 hybrid of cv. 'Hewo' and cv. 'Magnat' accompanied with the genetic map consisting of 20 linkage groups assigned to the A (7), B (7), and R (6) genomes (total of 3539 DArT, SNP-DArT and SSR markers, length of 4997.4 cM). Five independent experiments were performed in the field and greenhouse controlled conditions. A total of 12 major QTLs located on 2B, 5A, 5R, and 6B chromosomes connected to the stem length, the plant height, the spike length, the number of the productive spikelets per spike, the number of grains per spike, and the thousand kernel weight were identified by a composite interval mapping (CIM).
Tolerance to the pink snow mould resulting from Microdochium nivale infection is an essential trait of triticale (x Triticosecale) for winter survival. In the present study, we aimed to verify whether the presence and concentration of free and cell wall-bound phenolic acids are important factors in triticale responses to M. nivale infection. Based on 3 years' testing of triticale tolerance, 2 out of 92 doubled haploid triticale lines derived from 'Hewo' × 'Magnat' F 1 hybrid were selected, which are the most tolerant and the most sensitive to M. nivale infection. Plants were grown along with their parents under controlled conditions, pre-hardened and cold-hardened, while non-hardened plants served as the control. Hardened plants were covered with the artificial snow-imitating covers and inoculated with M. nivale mycelium, while the control plants were treated the same way except the infection. The aim of the study was to identify differences in the initial content and composition of phenolics under the influence of applied stresses. Conducted HPLC analysis showed that the most abundant were ferulic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, sinapic, and trans-cinnamic acids. The contents of most of phenolics depended on genotype and growth conditions. Two cell wall-bound sinapic and trans-cinnamic acids, could be indicated as potentially related to the increased snow mould tolerance of winter triticale seedlings. A correlation between the total phenolic levels with the tolerance was not found; however, the proportion between the total levels of cell wall-bound and free phenolic compounds under low temperature could play a role prior to M. nivale infection. KeywordWinter triticale · Cold-hardening · Microdochium nivale · Cross-tolerance · Free phenolic acids · Cell wall-bound phenolic acids
The vitality and the development in the seedling stage is crucial in winter cereal’s life cycle, especially before and during winter. It has been reported that rapid seedling establishment and early growth may lead to higher crop yield. Localization of cereal genome regions is not often analysed in the seedling stage. The aim of this study was to identify winter triticale genome regions (QTL) associated with seedling leaves development. Based on ‘Hewo’ x ‘Magnat’ DH lines population genetic map composed of 3539 molecular markers assigned to 20 linkage groups with 4997.4 cM map length, in total 40 loci were identified by a composite interval mapping (CIM). Among them, 22 loci appeared in at least two experiments, were common for all analyzed traits as well as were identified on wheat chromosome 4B and on rye chromosomes 1R, 4R, 5R and 6R. Those loci explained up to 21.7% of phenotypic variation (Qwsl.hm.4R.2) and had LOD value up to 31.1 (Qlsl.hm.5R.1). The results of QTLs of seedling leaves development could be successively associated with QTLs of the freezing and fungal infection seedlings tolerance identified in this mapping population.
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