Introduction: It is commonly known that gynaecological examinations cause a lot of negative emotions in the majority of women. The aim of my work was: 1. Getting to know women’s views on the nature of a pelvic examination and their expectations regarding gynaecologists. 2. To determine the correlation between the examined views and independent variables such as the age of the respondents, residence, and place of examination.Material and methods: The research material consisted of 1200 women living in the region of Western Pomerania and in Łódź. The measurement tool was a survey of my own authorship.Conclusions: 1. In the opinion of most women, gynaecological examination is embarrassing and stressful. It has not been proven that this opinion was related to age, residence or place of examination. 2. According to women, the most embarrassing moment of a visit to the gynaecologist is lying down on the gynaecological chair, and the gynecological examination. The most unpleasant aspect is palpation through the vagina and rectum. These feelings differ depending on age, residence and place of taking the examination. 3. The choice of the gynaecologist’s gender is dependent on women’s age. 4. The frequency of reporting for the gynae‑ cological examination decreases with women’s age, and is dependent on their place of residence. 5. A sense of safety and mental comfort during the gynaecological examination is provided by the lack of third parties, except for the presence of a midwife. It is also dependent on the patient’s age, her place of residence, as well as the examination site. 6. Women’s expectations of a gynaecologist are focused mainly on maintaining a sense of intimacy and safety, getting information about the procedures, as well as a pleasant and individual approach.
Introduction. Preventive vaccinations are the most effective and the cheapest method of fi ghting and preventing infectious diseases. They preclude the development of complications and limit the spread of infections. Over the years, there has been a signifi cant development and growth in disease prevention due to the implementation of preventive vaccination plans, both recommended and compulsory. Aim. The aim of the study was to examine parents' opinions on the refusal of preventive childhood vaccines. Material and methods. The study covered 100 patients of the obstetric ward at the Independent Public Complex of Healthcare Facilities 'Zdroje' in Szczecin. The diagnostic survey method in the form of authors' self-designed questionnaire was used in the study. The results were prepared using the R program, version 3.4.3. R Core Team (2017). Results. Among 100 respondents, only 12.0% think that preventive vaccinations of children are unnecessary. The study shows that 32.0% of parents are not familiar with the obligatory vaccination calendar. Most respondents do not carry out any additional recommended vaccinations on their children (61.0%). More than half of the respondents (60.0%) are afraid of preventive vaccinations. A slight majority of the respondents buy vaccines instead of using the reimbursed vaccinations (52.0%). The main sources of parents' knowledge on the issue of preventive vaccinations are doctors, nurses, midwives and the Internet (81.0% each). Most respondents (53.0%) think that there should be penalties for guardians who do not vaccinate their children. Conclusions. 1) The level of parents' knowledge on infectious diseases and the rationale of vaccinating children is deteriorating due to the infl uence of unreliable sources of information, 2) The Internet is an important source of knowledge on the issue of vaccinations, 3) It is advisable to intensify and concentrate the efforts of healthcare professionals in having reliable and accurate knowledge on preventive vaccinations that they convey to parents.
Wstęp. Przez lata wskazania do cięcia cesarskiego uległy wyjątkowo licznym modyfi kacjom. Cel. Celem pracy było poznanie opinii kobiet na temat cięcia cesarskiego na życzenie. Materiał i metody. Badaniu poddano 156 kobiet będących w okresie połogu, metodą sondażu diagnostycznego, techniką ankietyzacji z wykorzystaniem narzędzia badawczego, jakim była ankieta własna złożona z 22 pytań. Wyniki. Spośród 156 ankietowanych kobiet tylko 28,4% wolałoby rodzić poprzez cięcie cesarskie, zaś 60,6% wybrałoby poród drogami i siłami natury. Zwolenniczek cięcia cesarskiego na życzenie było łącznie aż 44% i pochodziły one ze wsi. Ponad połowa respondentek (zwolenniczki cięcia cesarskiego) uważała, że poród brzuszny jest bezpieczniejszy zarówno dla matki, jak i dziecka. Wnioski. Według większości kobiet każda ciężarna/rodząca, jako 1. istota autonomiczna, powinna mieć prawo decydowania o sposobie, jakim chce urodzić własne dziecko, dlatego też w Polsce lekarz ginekolog-położnik powinien wykonywać cięcie cesarskie na prośbę i życzenie pacjentki. Mieszkanki wsi częściej uważały, że lekarz ginekolog-po-2. łożnik powinien wykonywać cięcie cesarskie na życzenie i same wołałyby rodzić w ten sposób. Respondentki, które wolałyby rodzić poprzez cięcie ce-3. sarskie, znamiennie częściej uważały, że ta forma porodu jest bezpieczniejsza zarówno dla matki, jak i dziecka, co świadczy o niedostatecznym poziomie wiedzy i błędnych przekonaniach reprezentowanych przez opinię publiczną. Kobiety posiadały niski poziom wiedzy o powikłaniach 4. związanych z operacją cięcia cesarskiego. SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: cięcie cesarskie bez wskazań medycznych, cięcie cesarskie na życzenie.
The total amount of fat in the milk of nursing mothers depends on maternal reserves, as well as food intake and its synthesis in the mammary glands. The aim of this study was to assess the contents of fatty acids in the milk of women from the West Pomeranian region of Poland with regards to supplementation and the amount of adipose tissue. We also wanted to find out whether these women, who have direct access to the sea and potential access to fresh marine fish, have higher levels of DHA. Methods: We analyzed milk samples obtained 6–7 weeks postpartum from 60 women. The content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in lipids was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a Clarus 600 device (PerkinElmer). Results: Women using dietary supplements had significantly higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6 n-3) (p = 0.000) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5 n-3) (p = 0.000). The levels of eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) (C20:3 n-3) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) increased with the amount of body fat, and the level of DHA was lowest in subjects where body fat exceeded 40% (p = 0.036). Conclusions: The contents of fatty acids in the milk of women from the West Pomeranian region of Poland were similar to that reported by other authors. The levels of DHA in women using dietary supplements was also comparable to the values reported worldwide. BMI had an effect on the levels of ETE and GLA acids.
Aim. To evaluate whether midwives from the West-Pomeranian province work as independent professionals under the Polish legislations regulating their profession. Material and methods. Qualitative research (questionnaire) was used to gain an understanding of the independence of the midwifery profession in Poland. Midwives from hospitals and universities in the West-Pomeranian province, Poland, were studied. We surveyed 115 midwives from October 12, 2009 to June 30, 2010. Results. Despite different job seniorities, the majority of surveyed midwives (73%) considered their profession as independent in the eyes of the law. When asked about the serious obstacles for independent midwifery practice, 49.6% of midwives stated a lack of knowledge about independent midwife competencies by other medical professionals, while 47% of midwives reported the lack of consistent legal regulations as a major hurdle. Other reasons included insuffi cient supply of medical equipment (41.7%), no legal authorization to write medical prescriptions (40.8%), and a lack of partnership and cooperation with other medical professionals (40.8%). Conclusions. Currently there are several obstacles to overcome in order for midwifery to become a fully independent practice in Poland, including a lack of consistent regulations and knowledge about midwife competencies. Educational programs for other healthcare professionals, focused on midwife competencies, would benefi t the midwifery profession. Similarly, informative training on midwifery competencies should be introduced as part of undergraduate and postgraduate education for healthcare professionals. In-depth analysis of currently enforced legislation relating to the midwifery profession should be performed and altered to make it more consistent.
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