enrichment. Analysis of stream water data, supported by evidence from laboratory studies, indicates that 20 an effect of declining sulphur deposition on catchment soil chemistry is likely to be the primary mechanism, 21 but there are relatively few long term soil water chemistry records in the UK with which to investigate this, 22 and other, hypotheses directly. In this paper, we assess temporal relationships between soil solution 23 chemistry and parameters that have been argued to regulate DOC production and, using a unique set of co-24 located measurements of weather and bulk deposition and soil solution chemistry provided by the UK 25Environmental Change Network and the Intensive Forest Monitoring Level II Network . We used statistical 26 non-linear trend analysis to investigate these relationships at 5 forested and 4 non-forested sites from 27 1993 to 2011. Most trends in soil solution DOC concentration were found to be non-linear. Significant 28 increases in DOC occurred mostly prior to 2005. The magnitude and sign of the trends was associated 29 qualitatively with changes in acid deposition, the presence/absence of a forest canopy, soil depth and soil 30properties. The strongest increases in DOC were seen in acidic forest soils and were most clearly linked to 31 declining anthropogenic acid deposition, while DOC trends at some sites with westerly locations appeared 32 to have been influenced by shorter-term hydrological variation. The results indicate that widespread DOC 33 increases in surface waters observed elsewhere, are most likely dominated by enhanced mobilization of 34 DOC in surficial organic horizons, rather than changes in the soil water chemistry of deeper horizons. While 35 1
An analysis of the dynamics of groundwater levels in the Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs), which cover a vast part of the middle Vistula River valley in central Poland was carried out. The study area, typical of large river valleys, was investigated by detailed monitoring of groundwater levels. Based on statistical analysis and the geo-statistical modeling of monitoring data for 1999-2013, the range and dynamics of groundwater level fluctuations were determined for the entire interval and for the vegetation periods. The values of retention and infiltration recharge in various periods were compared with average values, indicating intervals of potential groundwater deficiency in GDEs. The amplitude of groundwater fluctuations, retention and infiltration were determined for vegetation periods characterized by the highest water intake by plants and the highest evapotranspiration. Particular attention has been drawn to the analysis of low groundwater levels in the vegetation periods, with water deficiencies potentially threatening the correct functioning of plant communities in GDEs. Moreover, the study has allowed us to indicate areas with insufficient groundwater levels during vegetation periods that may be hazardous to plant communities. The results may be a basis for the elaboration of correct management plans, protection measures and projects, or GDE renaturalization.
Permeability characterizes the ability of rocks to store and transport natural gas, crude oil and reservoir fluids. Permeability heterogeneity of reservoir rocks, including dolomites, results from overlapping geological and physicochemical processes. The permeability study of gas-bearing dolomites was carried out on the Lubiatów hydrocarbon deposit (Poland), located at the Ca2 carbonate platform toe-of-slope, which is a prospective area for hydrocarbon exploration in Europe. Due to the complicated rock textures and overlapping alteration processes, including secondary crystallization or dissolution of minerals, the permeability of the deposit is variable. Studies of dolomites from a depth of 3242–3380 m show high mineralogical diversity; the percentage of dolomite ranges from 79% to 95% with a variable content of other minerals: anhydrite, gypsum, quartz, fluorite, plagioclase and clay minerals. The porosity variability ranges from 4.69% to 31.21%, depending on the measurement method used. The mean permeability value is 35.27 mD, with a variation range of 0.9 to 135.6 mD. There is neither change in permeability with depth and mineral composition, nor a direct relationship between porosity and permeability.
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