The hydrology of coastal lakes differs significantly from that of inland water bodies due to the influence of the neighboring sea. Observed climatic changes are expected to enhance the effect of the sea on coastal lake ecosystems, which makes research on sea-lake interactions even more significant. In this study, on the basis of maximum annual and monthly values of water level, dependencies among the water levels of six lakes located along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland, and the Baltic Sea water levels were analyzed. First, the Spearman rank correlation and the linear regression method were applied. Then, selected copulas were used to find joint distributions of the studied time series. In the next stage, the degrees of synchronous and asynchronous occurrences of maximum water levels in lakes and the sea were calculated. The study revealed that correlations between the maximum annual water levels in coastal lakes and in the Baltic Sea in the selected gauge stations were very strong and statistically significant. These results were confirmed by a synchronicity analysis carried out with the help of a copula function. The highest relationship was detected in the case of Lake Resko Przymorskie (correlation coefficient 0.86, synchronicity 75.18%), while the lowest were observed in Lakes Jamno (0.62 and 58.20%, respectively) and Bukowo (0.60 and 56.82%, respectively). The relation strength between maximum water levels of the sea and coastal lakes may increase in the future due to sea level rises caused by climate warming.Coastal lakes are characterized by complex water circulation related to their location at the interface of two "environments", sea and land, and they supply marine waters and river waters from inland areas. Research on coastal lakes in Poland and in the world has covered issues concerning, among other things, the chemistry/quality of water (including its salinity) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], the development of lakes in the Holocene [14], the trophic status of lakes in the Holocene [15], biodiversity [16][17][18][19][20], sea water intrusions [4,21,22], and ice phenomena [23]. All of these said studies have confirmed the effect of the sea on the aforementioned properties of lakes.Water level fluctuations in lakes have various characteristics and causes. Water level changes, their scale, dynamics, and change tendencies depend on natural [24][25][26] and anthropogenic [27,28] factors [29]. In the case of coastal lakes, more dynamic changes in water levels are observed than in the remaining lakes. This is related to the effect of the Baltic Sea [30][31][32][33][34]. Research on the water level regime in lakes in North Poland has shown that coastal lakes constitute a separate type [35][36][37]. They are lakes with considerable mean annual amplitudes exceeding 100 cm [35], and according to Reference [36], they show a four-period rhythm of seasonal water level variability determined by atmospheric circulation and the hydrodynamic state of the Baltic Sea. In a classification of lakes through val...
The paper identifies relationships between lake water levels and indices of macroscale atmospheric circulations: Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA), and Scandinavian pattern (SCAND). Correlation coefficients between synchronous and asynchronous series of monthly water levels and 4 circulation indices were calculated. Based on Ward hierarchical grouping considering 156 correlation coefficients, the groups of lakes were designated due to the strength and term of relation of circulation indices with lake water levels. It was found that these links are not strong but noticeable. The strength of relationships varies in space and time, and the designated groups of lakes refer not only to the climatic diversity of the studied area, but also to some extent to the types of water levels regime. The observed relationships are the most important in the case of AO and NAO (particularly in winter period), and slightly weaker for EA and SCAND. The analysis used mean monthly water levels of 15 lakes in northern Poland from 1976–2015.
Decreased FUC, GLU, GAL, MAN values, and especially FUC (AI1) have the potential to be markers of harmful alcohol use in children/adolescents. The raised activity of HEX A and ALT points to the need for further research to check another inflammatory agent as potential alcohol marker in children and adolescents. Samples need to be collected before intravenous fluid therapy.
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