The rationale for choosing a remote quantitative method supporting a diagnostic decision requires some empirical studies and knowledge on scenarios including valid telepathology standards. The tumours of the central nervous system [CNS] are graded on the base of the morphological features and the Ki-67 labelling Index [Ki-67 LI]. Various methods have been applied for Ki-67 LI estimation. Recently we have introduced the Computerized Analysis of Medical Images [CAMI] software for an automated Ki-67 LI counting in the digital images.Aims of our study was to explore the accuracy and reliability of a remote assessment of Ki-67 LI with CAMI software applied to the whole slide images [WSI].The WSI representing CNS tumours: 18 meningiomas and 10 oligodendrogliomas were stored on the server of the Warsaw University of Technology. The digital copies of entire glass slides were created automatically by the Aperio ScanScope CS with objective 20x or 40x. Aperio's Image Scope software provided functionality for a remote viewing of WSI. The Ki-67 LI assessment was carried on within 2 out of 20 selected fields of view (objective 40x) representing the highest labelling areas in each WSI. The Ki-67 LI counting was performed by 3 various methods: 1) the manual reading in the light microscope - LM, 2) the automated counting with CAMI software on the digital images – DI , and 3) the remote quantitation on the WSIs – as WSI method. The quality of WSIs and technical efficiency of the on-line system were analysed. The comparative statistical analysis was performed for the results obtained by 3 methods of Ki-67 LI counting. The preliminary analysis showed that in 18% of WSI the results of Ki-67 LI differed from those obtained in other 2 methods of counting when the quality of the glass slides was below the standard range. The results of our investigations indicate that the remote automated Ki-67 LI analysis performed with the CAMI algorithm on the whole slide images of meningiomas and oligodendrogliomas could be successfully used as an alternative method to the manual reading as well as to the digital images quantitation with CAMI software. According to our observation a need of a remote supervision/consultation and training for the effective use of remote quantitative analysis of WSI is necessary.
Due to many economic reasons, students are a social group widely regarded as a high risk category when it comes to the threat of malnutrition. The reason for this is the generally low economic status of this social group which in turn leads to a lack of food security and malnutrition. Moreover, eating habits gained at home, eating monotony and frequent fast food consumption can be a cause of debilitating eating conditions. Encumbering students with high fees associated with studying and maintenance, with concomitant lack of earning capacity due to both the limited time off from school as well as the lack of work market, may also contribute to the increased risk of food insecurity. The aim of the study was to assess the food security and nutritional status of Polish fulltime and weekend students taking into account such factors as age, sex, place of residence and type of the household. Assessing questionnaires were used in the study: Food security (according to the "Guide to Measuring Household Food Security"); Nutritional status-MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment by Nestle Research Center). 764 students between 18 and 58 years old were tested. The results showed 2% food insecurity-hunger-in the examined population. On the basis of the MNA test 35% of subjects were at risk of malnutrition. The study has allowed for a realistic assessment of the life situation of the students who study at Polish universities, and we must admit that in connection to the whole population it does not present itself as particularly needy. Food security among students is strongly dependent on age and the type of household run by the student. The nutritional status of students is affected by sex, type of the household and university. Students' BMI depends in particular on age, sex and type of university.
Abstract-In the experiments involving trapped ions, the application of a cooling procedure is required. The optical Doppler scheme is one of the most commonly used methods for slowing down ions motion. In this paper we present an optical system sufficient for cooling calcium ions in such a scheme. The system allows also for optical detection of trapped ions.Experiments with trapped ions require an efficient method for cooling and detecting the ions inside the trap [1]. In the presented experimental set-up [2] it is intended to investigate various collisional effects involving ions of different species, including atomic and molecular ones, for example: further ionization, dissociation, chargetransfer collisions, chemical reactions, elastic scattering energy transfer, etc.The trapped ions will be slowed down using a sympathetic cooling scheme, which involves direct optical quenching of at least one species of ions forming the ensemble. For numerous reasons (atomic mass 40 close to many other ion species, easy evaporating, easy optical access) calcium ions were chosen as the cooling medium. To ensure efficient calcium cooling, two laser systems are necessary [3].The application of two lasers is explained in Fig. 1, where a simplified scheme of energy levels of calcium ions is shown. Doppler cooling is ensured by the UV laser driving 4 2 S 1/2 -4 2 P 1/2 transition, while the NIR laser is necessary to avoid trapping ions in the dark 3 2 D 3/2 state.The apparatus consists of a linear segmented Paul trap placed in a vacuum chamber. The trap is equipped with an electron gun, oven providing a calcium beam, and source of a molecular beam (not used for calcium cooling). The optical part of the apparatus contains two laser systems (397 and 866nm) used for Doppler cooling and detection of calcium ions.Both systems are external cavity diode lasers. As the lasers wavelengths tend to drift in time, stabilization schemes must be applied to provide efficient cooling.As the UV photon momentum is higher than NIR and the S-P transition is much stronger than that of P-D, the fine tuning of a 397nm beam is more important than a 866nm one. This way, for a UV beam a more precise * E-mail: lklos@izyka.umk.pl method of Pound-Drever-Hall [4] locking was used while for NIR, a simpler FM lock [5] scheme was applied. Both stabilization schemes use vacuum optical cavities made of ultra-low expansion glass (ULE), 150mm long each, providing a free spectral range of 2GHz and finesse of 1000.The Doppler cooling efficiency depends on the UV laser detuning as presented in Fig. 2. The details of derivation of the curve can be found in ref. [6]. The efficiency can be understood as the rate of energy loss by the ion ensemble during the interaction with the laser. Positive values mean cooling the system (red-detuned laser) and negative stand for heating up the ions (bluedetuned laser). As the ions gain energy from the RF electric field, collisions with the residual gas, etc., the equilibrium energy of the ions depends on this rate. The efficiency also ...
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