Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.
The medical use of botulinum toxin nowadays is widespread. Recent years show that use of botulinum toxin is not only used to control the muscular overactivity in bruxism, tension in temporomandibular disorders but also it can be applied for cosmetic reasons. The objective of this study was to view recent discoveries in this subject by conducting a systemic review of clinical trials published in the research works. Recent studies present efficacy in releasing pain in both: bruxism and temporomandibular disorders by minimizing symptoms and reducing the intensity of muscle contractions.The scientific works cited confirm a noticeable improvement in most symptoms occurring in the states mentioned above.
Introduction Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of unknown etiology that affect children. According to the definition of JIA, the disease begins before the age of 16 and lasts more than 6 weeks. The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) has divided juvenile idiopathic arthritis into seven categories: systemic, oligoarticular, polyarticular RF (-), polyarticular RF (+), psoriatic, enthesitis-related and undifferentiated arthritis. Purpose The aim of this review is to present the classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and complications of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods Literature searches in PubMed, Google Scholarship, and open source books were used to gather information. Results Complex interactions between cells of the immune system are responsible for the pathophysiology of JIA and indicate the need to divide the disease into clinical subtypes, the heterogeneity of which requires different therapeutic actions. There are many groups of drugs with different mechanisms of action used in the treatment of JIA, including: T lymphocyte inhibitors, anti-TNFα, JAK inhibitors, IL-1 and IL-6 blockers. Despite the great progress and the commitment of scientists, there is still no treatment strategy to completely stop the development of the disease. Conclusions Scientific research conducted around the world has led to the recognition of numerous pathways leading to the formation of the inflammatory process and the symptoms of JIA. Knowledge of these mechanisms allows scientists to conduct research on further drugs, the aim of which is to find a treatment strategy that prevents permanent joint damage, improves treatment results, and enables sustainable remission. It is necessary to expand knowledge about the pathways responsible for the formation of the inflammatory process, the interruption of which would allow complete inhibition of the development of the disease.
IntroductionIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal pulmonary disease that leads to progressive fibrosis and extremely poor resaults.. Since the etiology is unknown, there are highly limited options of the IPF treatment. The researchers are trying to discover the most valuable targets, leading them to the agents registered in different conditions or not registered as any other treatment. This innovative approach can result in IPF being determined as not fatal. PurposeThe purpose of our review is to present possible future treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and point out the promising targets that could lead the researchers to the development of better IPF management. Materials and methodsWe have reviewed the literature from the PubMed database searching for clinical trials, meta analysis and randomized controlled trials from the past 5 years. The keywords we agreed on offered us the most informative articles and made us hope for the further development of our article. ResultsOur review shows that there are new targets that could significantly benefit IPF treatment. However, the means we presented in our review need more research to prove its safeness, effectiveness in slowing down the decline of the FVC, improving patients’ physical efficiency, their saturation level and most importantly their ability to stop the continuous fibrosis of the lungs. ConclusionsThe only treatment registered for IPF are nintedanib and pirfenidone, but the researchers continue the exploration of new possible measures to improve the survival rate and quality of life of the patients suffering from this fatal disease.
Introduction and purpose: Eating disorders are an ever-growing problem, both in the general population and also in the population of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, for this specific group of patients, there is a twofold higher risk of developing eating disorders, the occurrence of additional distinct forms of these disorders, the so-called diabulimia - consisting of deliberate restriction of insulin delivery or skipping insulin doses, which can consequently lead to poor metabolic control of diabetes , and even threaten the lives of patients. The purpose of this work is to present the current state of knowledge on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The state of knowladge: The background of the onset of eating disorders in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus includes the lowered self-esteem accompanying early adolescence, stress, excessive focus on external appearance, as well as difficulties in accepting the diagnosis and a rather strict dietary regime. Since the treatment of eating disorders is long and difficult, the most important goal becomes effective prevention and rapid selection of patients with a predisposition to develop such disorders. The first screening tools - SEEDS, m-SCOFF and DEPS-R questionnaires - have already been developed, and the effectiveness of therapy sessions aimed at this group of patients is also being studied. Summary: Therapy of eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes should be targeted at this specific patient population. It requires cooperation and communication of teams dealing separately with these diseases, education of the staff and their thorough knowledge of the background of the problem, prompt action and, above all, the development of specific guidelines for management, methods of prevention and the earliest possible start of treatment, which will also include the patient's caregivers.
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