The aim of this review is to appraise current evidence on the association between employment and specific, non-vocational components that are indicators of recovery from schizophrenia, such as symptom remission, neurocognitive functioning, social cognitive functioning, and quality of life. Out of 754 studies identified in a comprehensive bibliographical data search, 43 were selected for abstract screening and 18 were included in the final review. The studies were categorized in terms of the type of employment investigated (supported employment, Individual Placement and Support, competitive employment). Studies on the Individual Placement and Support programs provide the strongest evidence for their effectiveness in terms of non-vocational outcomes. Quality of life, psychopathology and well being were the most frequently investigated outcomes and only 2 studies utilized a global concept of recovery as a measure. Employment was also associated with positive changes in domains that are not directly related to working, e.g., leisure activities. The current review reports promising, but not conclusive, results in the improvement of quality of life, social functioning and other indicators of recovery, but there is still a need for high quality, long term follow-up, randomized studies to further investigate this relationship.

Background and Aims Binge eating disorder (BED) is correlated with substance use. This study aimed to estimate the life‐time prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) among individuals with non‐compensatory binge eating and determine whether their life‐time prevalence of AUD is higher than in non‐bingeing controls. Design A systematic search of databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) for studies of adults diagnosed with BED or a related behavior that also reported the life‐time prevalence of AUD was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was followed. The protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Setting Studies originating in Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Participants Eighteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found, representing 69 233 individuals. Measurements Life‐time prevalence of AUD among individuals with binge eating disorder and their life‐time relative risk of AUD compared with individuals without this disorder. Results The pooled life‐time prevalence of AUD in individuals with binge eating disorder was 19.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.7–27.9]. The risk of life‐time AUD incidence among individuals with binge eating disorder was more than 1.5 times higher than controls (relative risk = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.41–1.79). Life‐time AUD prevalence was higher in community samples than in clinical samples (27.45 versus 14.45%, P = 0.041) and in studies with a lower proportion of women (β = −2.2773, P = 0.044). Conclusions Life‐time alcohol use disorder appears to be more prevalent with binge eating disorder than among those without.

BackgroundPatients with anorexia nervosa (AN) experience difficulties in neurocognitive functioning in the acute phase of illness which might be related to clinical presentation, but also in the apparently remitted state after weight recovery. Among the most commonly reported persistent deficits is cognitive inflexibility, which can be interpreted as a vulnerability trait or a “neuropsychological scar” reflecting the detrimental effect of prolonged semi-starvation in patients with a long duration of illness. Studies of adolescent samples with a relatively short clinical course may enable avoiding the effect of prolonged illness and help to determine whether neuropsychological deficits are trait or state dependent.The aim of this study is to assess cognitive functioning in adolescents with AN before and after the inpatient treatment programme, including cognitive remediation therapy (CRT).MethodsForty-seven adolescent female inpatients with AN diagnosed according to DSM-5 and fifty healthy female adolescents matched for the education level and age were recruited. The patients underwent a multimodal treatment including a ten-week CRT. The standardized and cross-validated neuropsychological (Trail Making Test – TMT A and B, Color-Word Stroop Task – CWST, Ruff Figural Fluency Test – RFFT) and clinical measurements (Beck Depression Inventory – BDI, Eating Attitude Test – EAT-26, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale – Y-BOCS) were used to assess both clinical (in the acute phase and after partial weight recovery) and control subjects.ResultsInitially, AN patients performed significantly worse compared to the controls, but afterwards, inpatient treatment improvement was noted on all examined measures. In a few subtests (TMT, CWST) performance of AN patients after the programme was still significantly poorer than in HC.ConclusionsCognitive inflexibility in adolescent AN patients, as measured with TMT, CWST, and RFFT tends to improve after therapy. Nevertheless, a few neuropsychological subtests which did not show complete normalization may warrant attention in subsequent studies. Further research including control intervention is needed to conclude whether CRT intervention affects the outcome.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12888-018-1984-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The aim of this article is to shed some light on the phenomenology of distorted body image in Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Even though body image disturbance has already been identified as one of the central components of AN (as evident in various diagnostic criteria, such as those of the DSM-5 or ICD-10), it still does not receive enough clinical attention in the therapeutic process. In this literature review, we will investigate empirical body of evidence addressing the relationship between distorted body image and AN pathology. Furthermore, the authors propose to introduce a Body Image Therapy programme to assist treatment as usual (TAU) in targeting AN psychopathology. Similar treatment programs have already been implemented in Great Britain and the USA. In Poland, however, little is known about Body Image Therapy. To improve the understanding of distorted body image in AN, the following topics are discussed: phenomenology and prevalence of distorted body image in AN psychopathology, its role in the aetiology and symptom maintenance of eating disorders, a neurobiological view on body image and recommended treatment options. distorted body image, anorexia nervosa, exposure therapy THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: BODY IMAGE IN THE LITERATURE

Purpose: The aim of this paper is a synthetic presentation of the latest research results on the components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Views: Emotion dysregulation constitutes one of the most serious problems in BPD and manifests itself in numerous aspects of emotional functioning. Studies on BPD emotion dysregulation concern its various components, distinguished in different theoretical models. Based on a review of the empirical literature, we differentiate three main components of emotion dysregulation in BPD:(1) emotional sensitivity, (2) abnormal course of emotions in terms of: (a) emotional reactivity, (b) slow return to emotional baseline, (c) intensity of negative emotions, (d) lability of negative emotions, and (3) maladaptive aspects of applying emotion regulation strategies (described on the examples of the selected strategies: cognitive, interpersonal, and self-injury). Conclusions: Although a large number of issues pertaining to emotion dysregulation in BPD require further explanation, researchers agree that this phenomenon is characterized by a complex clinical presentation. A review of the recent studies on emotional sensitivity in BPD indicates mixed results when it comes to sensitivity to a certain kind of stimuli (i.e., facial expressions), but suggests consistently greater sensitivity in response to another (i.e., emotional scenes). The findings on reactivity and the speed of return to emotional baseline point to the significance of emotion-inducing stimuli in shaping these processes. Research results on the use of cognitive and interpersonal strategies of emotion regulation and on the predictors of self-injury are, however, not consistent. Future studies should therefore focus on identifying factors that might be affecting the differences in the outcomes of research on various components of emotion dysregulation. In order to be able to better adjust psychotherapy to the actual needs of patients with BPD, we suggest a need for combining two approaches in future research on emotion dysregulation in this disorder: within-group individual differences (considering differences within the group of patients with BPD) and a specific-transdiagnostic approach (directed at identifying differences between BPD and other mental disorders as well as their shared characteristics).

Objective: The empirical literature describes the role of the oxytocinergic system in emotion perception (EP). Variants in the oxytocin (OXT) and oxytocin receptor genes have been associated with mental disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN), that are characterized by difficulties in socioemotional functioning. Our study aimed to examine whether variability within the genes related to OXT pathways may play a role in facial EP in inpatients with AN.Method: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the following genes: oxytocin receptor (rs2254298, rs53576), OXT (rs6133010), OXT-argininevasopressin (rs2740204), CD38 (rs6449197, rs3796863), and human leucyl/ cystinylaminopeptidase (rs4869317) were genotyped in 60 AN female inpatients and 60 healthy control females (HCs). Associations between genetic polymorphisms and EP as well as clinical symptoms were examined.Results: The AN group showed decreased EP abilities compared with HCs. SNPs of rs2740204, rs6133010, and rs53576 were associated with differences in EP in women with AN and in HCs. The SNP of rs4869317 was associated with the level of eating disorders symptoms in HCs.Conclusions: The OXT system may be involved in EP difficulties in AN. SNPs within genes related to OXT pathways may influence EP abilities. The leucyl/cystinylaminopeptidase rs4869317 SNP may be involved in the development of eating disorders psychopathology.

Suicide is a global phenomenon and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The analysis covers suicidal risk factors (depression, psychological pain, fascination with death) and protective factors (spirituality, religiosity) in the population of healthy people in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the relationship between recent stressful events and suicide risk factors. In the period from October 2020 to March 2021, 260 people aged 18-63 were surveyed electronically, using the own questionnaire and Polish adaptations of research tools to assess: depression, mental pain, anxiety and fascination with death, spirituality and religiosity and the AUDIT screening test. 38.8% of the respondents achieved the result indicating the presence of symptoms of depression and the need for specialist consultation. Women achieved higher results compared to men (Z = -2.424; p = 0.015). In the measurement of religiosity and spiritual transcendence, the lowest score was noted on the following scales: religious commitment, religious crisis and fulfillment in prayer, while the highest score in the sense of attachment scale. Among the maximum results, the lowest was recorded in the measurement of transcendence and the highest in religious commitment. In the subscale of religious commitment, the respondents achieved the lowest average intensity, and slightly higher in the measurement of the religious crisis. However, the feeling of fulfillment in prayer and universality were the most intense. Statistical significance was demonstrated between depression and fascination with death (ρ = 0.399; p <0.001) and depression and psychological pain (ρ = 0.677; p <0.001). As the religious crisis intensified, the following also intensified: depression (ρ = 0.290; p <0.001), psychological pain (ρ = 0.279; p <0.001) and fascination with death (ρ = 0.224; p <0.001). A positive correlation was found between the number of stressful events and depression (ρ = 0.259; p <0.001) and psychological pain (ρ = 0.295; p <0.001). Statistical significance was demonstrated in the analysis of the impact of recent stressors on suicide risk factors. Psychological pain is the strongest predictor of the "S" sample, and the religious crisis is associated with a greater severity of suicide risk factors. Depressiveness correlates with the intensity of mental pain and fascination with death in people with a high level of spiritual transcendence and religiosity. Increased depression and psychological pain are more common in women and in people experiencing recent stressful situations in life.