The incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, is constantly rising. Successful lifestyle changes may limit their incidence, which is why researchers focus on the role of nutrition in this context. The outcomes of studies carried out in past decades have influenced dietary guidelines, which primarily recommend reducing saturated fat as a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease prevention, while limiting the role of sugar due to its harmful effects. On the other hand, a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) as a method of treatment remains controversial. A number of studies on the effect of LCDs on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus proved that it is a safe and effective method of dietary management. As for the risk of cardiovascular diseases, the source of carbohydrates and fats corresponds with the mortality rate and protective effect of plant-derived components. Additionally, some recent studies have focused on the gut microbiota in relation to cardiometabolic diseases and diet as one of the leading factors affecting microbiota composition. Unfortunately, there is still no precise answer to the question of which a single nutrient plays the most important role in reducing cardiometabolic risk, and this review article presents the current state of the knowledge in this field.
Introduction: Current information suggests the existence of two main transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2. This is the drip trajectory and contact transmission. The order to cover the mouth and nose in the public space has been introduced as one of the preventive measures to limit the spread of some virus-induced respiratory diseases, including COVID-19. Both medical and non-medical masks have become the most popular tool. Is there any evidence of their effectiveness? What can be the disadvantages of using them? The aim: To analyze social behaviour towards the order to cover the nose and mouth during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to confront them with the results of research on the effectiveness of medical and non-medical masks. Material and methods: The study involved a group of 2512 respondents from all over Poland. The research tool was an original questionnaire containing 24 questions. Results: 76.1% of the respondents declare that they always obey the current order. 83% use a material mask and 26.9% wear a surgical mask. 35.2% of respondents think that the order to cover their nose and mouth is not justified. Conclusions: The authors confronted the results of the questionnaire with the scientific research mentioned above. There is limited evidence to resolve the question – “Masks - protection or danger?” However, it is worth noting the small harmfulness and indirect evidence of benefits, which together have precedence over the lack of clear arguments supporting the use of masks by Polish society in times of epidemics.
Cardiac tumors are a heterogeneous group of pathologic masses of the heart that contain primary tumors—benign or malignant, and secondary tumors. Metastases are significantly more frequent, mostly originating from lung, breast, gastrointestinal tract, or ovary carcinomas. Secondary cardiac tumors may be asymptomatic or may cause cardiovascular, systemic, or embolic symptoms. The study is a summary of the available knowledge on cancerous metastatic lesions of the heart. Pleural mesothelioma (48.4%), adenocarcinoma (19.5%), or squamous cell carcinoma (18.2%) of lung, breast carcinoma (15.5%), ovarian carcinoma (10.3%), and bronchoalveolar carcinomas (9.8%) are cited as the most common origin of secondary heart tumors. Masses can spread by direct tumor invasion, by lymphatic vessels, veins, or arteries. Patients with cancer and nonspecific cardiovascular symptoms should be particularly vigilant, and the possibility of metastasis in an unusual location such as the myocardium should be considered in the diagnosis. Diagnostic methods include echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and histologic evaluation. Treatment of choice is managing primary carcinoma, due to the poor outcomes of surgical methods.
Priapism is one of the most common conditions requiring urgent medical intervention. There are several types of priapism, including pharmacologically induced priapism. The authors focused on reviewing articles related to propofol-induced priapism and presented all cases described so far. Propofol is a fast-acting, short-acting drug used by physicians in many specialties for both children and adults. The mechanism of action is poorly understood. Recognizing the type of priapism will allow medics to determine the cause and implement appropriate treatment as soon as possible. It includes several regimens, depending on the type of priapism. Prolonged complication can cause very serious and sometimes irreversible consequences, such as penile shortening. Although priapism is not recognized as one of the side effects of propofol, this review is relevant to the entire medical community, including emergency physicians and those working in hospital emergency departments and emergency rooms because of the high frequency of propofol use for most medical procedures.
Introduction: Thanks to more and more modern devices, the intraosseous (IO) access is not difficult, however, the proper determination of the place to effectively obtain this route of drug administration without elementary knowledge may be problematic. In case of any sudden health threat, it is necessary to establish vascular access. However, it is not always possible, or it is very time-consuming, and both factors may worsen the patient’s health. In this case, IO access should be considered. This article presents the results of the examination and comparison of the knowledge of students of medicine and emergency medicine about the IO access. The aim: The study aimed to assess the knowledge about IO access and its comparison among students of medicine and emergency medicine. Material and methods: 107 students of medicine and 51 students of emergency medicine participated in the study. The original questionnaire containing 16 questions, including 11 scored, was used as the research tool. Results: Mean percentage of correct answers in students of medicine was 42%, while in students of emergency medicine - 40% correct answers. Conclusions: Both groups of respondents in the conducted study showed a low level of knowledge about IO access. The article draws attention to significant gaps in the education of both groups in the field of basic information of particular practical importance for the performance of the future professional practice.
Nocturnal enuresis is a problem which affects a significant number of children in the developmental period. The diagnostic work-up should be completed if the condition does not resolve after five years of age or in older children who experience a recurrence of nocturnal enuresis. This case report presents a 12-year-old boy with nocturnal enuresis secondary to hyperthyroidism. In many cases, nocturnal enuresis is linked to emotional disorders (like school or family problems), but increasingly the condition is rather a consequence than the reason. Currently, nocturnal polyuria, inadequate capacity of the urinary bladder and functional urinary tract disorders are considered to be the most common causes of nocturnal enuresis. It happens, however, that the background of bedwetting is more complex and the diagnosis is not so obvious.
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