The adaptation of foreign students to a new country can be complicated due to different cultural values, language barriers and the way university courses are structured. The aim of the study was to analyze the lifestyle practices, satisfaction with life and the level of perceived stress of Polish and foreign students studying various medical disciplines in Poland with regard to chosen sociodemographic characteristics. The study included 231 foreign and 213 Polish students (n = 444) taking different medical disciplines at the medical university in eastern Poland. Three research tools were used: Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire (FLQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Additionally, students’ sociodemographic data was collected. Two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and correlations between variables were also examined. Our research indicated that Polish students obtained higher results in FLQ than foreign students. It also demonstrated a significantly higher level of stress among Polish students in comparison to foreign students. The self-assessment of their health condition, lifestyle, and rank associated to being healthy correlated with FLQ, SWLS and PSS-10. The present research can aid the development of support programs for foreign students so that the cultural adaptation processes would more positively influence their lifestyle and an education environment.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy among children. Despite the enormous progress in ALL therapy, resulting in achieving a 5-year survival rate of up to 90%, the ambitious goal of reaching a 100% survival rate is still being pursued. A typical ALL treatment includes three phases: remission induction and consolidation and maintenance, preceded by a prednisone prephase. Poor prednisone response (PPR) is defined as the presence of ≥1.0 × 109 blasts/L in the peripheral blood on day eight of therapy and results in significantly frequent relapses and worse outcomes. Hence, identifying risk factors of steroid resistance and finding methods of overcoming that resistance may significantly improve patients’ outcomes. A mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) pathway seems to be a particularly attractive target, as its activation leads to steroid resistance via a phosphorylating Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), which is crucial in the steroid-induced cell death. Several mutations causing activation of MAPK-ERK were discovered, notably the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) pathway mutations in T-cell ALL and rat sarcoma virus (Ras) pathway mutations in precursor B-cell ALL. MAPK-ERK pathway inhibitors were demonstrated to enhance the results of dexamethasone therapy in preclinical ALL studies. This report summarizes steroids’ mechanism of action, resistance to treatment, and prospects of steroids therapy in pediatric ALL.
Specialist languages should be straightforward and unambiguous. In areas such as law, business or medicine precision and to-the-point wording is required. However, in order to facilitate the description of complicated matters, and especially in expert to non-expert communication, unexpected strategies, e.g. metaphorisation, are used. Conceptual metaphor theory, as initially introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) states that human beings tend to think in metaphors, i.e. we are engaged in constant search of similarities between concepts. This drive for pattern recognition helps us understand the unknown in terms of the familiar, the abstract in terms of the concrete. Most conceptual metaphors are grounded in our physical experience of the world, which means that we draw from this familiar experience while creating metaphorical mappings to the complex, abstract concepts. Controversial as it may seem, the same process applies to understanding professional terms and scientific notions, and as a result the language of law, business, medicine, etc. is heavily metaphorical in nature. In our presentation we focus on medicine alone and analyse a corpus of medical text in search of conceptual metaphors. We claim, that rather than obscuring the message, metaphors actually make it clearer and more precise. They enrich conceptualisation, structure the semantics of the message and serve a number of pragmatic functions, esp. in doctor to patient communication. By choosing a certain metaphor, the message may e.g. be softened in order to lessen the impact it has on the recipient. Moreover, it may be more easily understood if it is built on an adequate conceptual metaphor. Many metaphors used in the medical discourse are based on multimodal representations e.g. descriptions of diseases often invoke the imagery of food including its shape, colour, texture, and smell. Such multimodality of representation (cf. Forceville, 2009 and online) engages a number of cognitive faculties for the construction of a complex conceptualisation and in this way helps us gain better understanding of the concepts described. We claim that conceptual metaphor and esp. pictorial metaphor is a very effective tool used in didactics and its use is perfectly justified in scientific discourses, including the medical discourse. Therefore, in our presentation we analyse pictorial metaphors found in medical discourse and in the field of radiology in particular.
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare disease with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance caused by mutations in the NBN gene. We report 2 patients with NBS and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), in whom diagnosis and therapy were difficult challenges. Both patients were diagnosed with NBS by mutation analysis of the NBN gene, which revealed homozygosity for a typical 5 base pair deletion (657del5). The lymph node biopsy revealed T-LBL, and both patients were treated according to EURO-LB 02. Complete remission was achieved in the first patient. In the second case, bone marrow relapse was observed, and the patient died due to disease progression. In conclusion, patients with NBS should be closely monitored because of a higher frequency of lymphoma than in the general population. The described cases indicate the importance of identifying predictive markers of cancers and developing treatment regimens for patients with NBS and malignancies.
Oceniano porażenie rodów hodowlanych pszenżyta przez Puccinia triticina i Blumeria graminis w sezonach wegetacyjnych 2007/08–2011/12. Badania prowadzono w stadium siewki w szklarni i w stadium rośliny dorosłej w polu: w warunkach wspomaganej inokulacji zarodnikami Puccinia triticina w Grodkowicach i naturalnej inokulacji w Krzeczowicach. W przypadku Blumeria graminis w obydwu miejscowościach badania prowadzono w warunkach naturalnej inokulacji. Ogółem przebadano 250 form pochodzących z ośrodków hodowli pszenżyta w Polsce. Ocenę w fazie siewki prowadzono wg skali 5. stopniowej, w której stopnie 0, 1, 2 oznaczały odporność, natomiast 3 i 4 wrażliwość rośliny. W stadium rośliny dorosłej wykorzystano skalę 9.-stopniową, w której 9 oznacza wysoką odporność, a 1 — wysoką wrażliwość. Przeprowadzone badania ukazały zróżnicowanie badanego materiału pod względem stopnia porażenia przez Puccinia triticina i Blumeria graminis zarówno w stadium siewki w szklarni jak i rośliny dorosłej w polu. Badania umożliwiły wytypowanie 66 genotypów wysoce odpornych w skali 7–9 na porażenie przez obydwa patogeny. Wśród nich 5 odznaczało się odpornością w obydwu stadiach rozwoju rośliny. Spośród nich wybrano 11 genotypów, które charakteryzowały się odpornością przez okres 2–3 lat w Grodkowicach i Krzeczowicach i mogą być wykorzystane jako źródła odporności.
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