Abstract:In this study, the ambient aerosol (PM 10 ) concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), and levoglucosan are reported for a Polish health resort following a one-year (March 2016-April 2017) sampling campaign. The seasonal variation of OC, EC, and levoglucosan (LG) concentrations showed their maximum during the heating season for this site, with monthly mean total carbonaceous material/PM 10 ratios ranging between about 0.28 and 0.44 depending on the season. Average EC concentration was 1.1 ± 0.6 µg·m −3 and changed from 0.3 µg·m −3 up to 2.3 µg·m −3 during the sampling campaign. The OC concentration at the site ranged from 2.4 µg·m −3 during the non-heating season up to 22 µg·m −3 in the heating season, with an average of 7 µg·m −3 . A strong correlation between OC and EC in the heating season suggested that they were produced from similar sources during this time. Mean LG concentration during the sampling campaign was 0.51 µg·m −3 , while in the heating season it was 0.72 µg·m −3 and in 0.19 µg·m −3 in the non-heating season. The obtained results indicated a strong influence of local primary source emissions on air quality, especially during the heating period.
Biomass burning is one source of air pollution that emits soot, smoke, particulate matter, free radicals and other substances, affecting human health, air quality, cloud formation processes and climate change. During biomass burning, organic biomass burning tracers are emitted, such as levoglucosan and its isomers mannosan and galactosan, which are formed at temperatures above 300°C during cellulose and hemicellulose pyrolysis. The objective of this research is the measurement of biomass burning tracer concentrations in PM 10 samples in Krynica during two winter seasons from 01.
Nowadays, there is a great pressure on finding an alternative source of energy. One such source is biomass combustion. Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed, and animal wastes that during combustion emits energy but also smoke and solid residue. Biomass burning tracers, such as levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan, are sugar anhydrides produced during burning of biomass that contain cellulose and hemicellulose. Analysis of environmental samples for tracers is the source of information about the type of biofuel burned. In this article, a literature review of the preparation and determination of biomass burning tracers for environmental samples was presented. The review discusses the preparation of different samples (particulate matter, soils, sediments, biological samples), extraction, derivatization, and determination. Amongst determination methods the most popular was gas chromatography with mass spectrometry but other techniques were also used, such as high‐performance liquid chromatography with aerosol charge detection, capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection, and ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.
Rozwój różnych gałęzi przemysłu oraz wydobywanie na coraz większą skalę kopalin powoduje wzrost stężenia produktów ubocznych w powietrzu atmosferycznym. Substancjami zanieczyszczającymi powietrze są m.in.: CO, CO₂, SO₂, SO₃, H₂S, tlenki azotu oraz związki pochodzenia organicznego. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przegląd i ocena metod monitoringu stężeń siarkowodoru w powietrzu. Różne techniki instrumentalne, m.in. elektrochemiczne, chromatograficzne, spektrofotometryczne (mokre i suche), omówiono pod względem ich przydatności do monitorowania niskich stężeń siarkowodoru (H₂S), zbliżonych do jego progu zapachowego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonego przeglądu do badań H₂S w powietrzu wybrano metodę polegającą na pochłanianiu w wodnym roztworze octanu cynku oraz reakcji z N,N-dimetylo-p-fenylodiaminą i chlorkiem żelaza(III), przeprowadzono też wstępne badania walidacyjne. Zaadaptowana metoda umożliwia oznaczanie stężeń siarkowodoru w środowisku pracy i powietrzu atmosferycznym w stężeniach bliskich progowi zapachowemu.
In this study, the effect of the addition of waste on the emissions from coal co-combustion was investigated. Coal was co-combusted with different additions of medium-density fiberboard and polyethylene terephthalate plastic (10 and 50%), in a low-power boiler (18 W). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, alkylphenols, phthalates, and biomass burning markers emissions were determined. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometry detector, was used to analyze these compounds in particulate matter and gas phase, after extraction and derivatization. The emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the highest among all the compounds determined. The total emission of these compounds was 215.1 mg/kg for coal, and 637.7 and 948.3 mg/kg for a 10 and 50% additive of polyethylene terephthalate plastic, respectively. For the 10 and 50% additive of medium-density fiberboard, the total emission was 474.2 and 464.0 mg/kg, respectively. The 50% addition of PET also had the highest emissions of phenols (638.5 mg/kg), alkylphenols (246.5 mg/kg), and phthalates (18.1 mg/kg), except for biomass burning markers, where the emissions were the highest for the 50% addition of medium-density fiberboard (541.3 mg/kg). In our opinion, the obtained results are insufficient for the identification of source apportionment from household heating.
The major biomass burning tracers are thermal degradation products from the biopolymer cellulose, namely the didehydromonosaccharide derivatives levoglucosan, galactosan, and mannosan and the resin acid derivative dehydroabietic acid, with a minor contribution from β-sitosterol. Levoglucosan, galactosan, and mannosan were measured at two sites in Silesia, a rural (Rokitno) and industry region (Zabrze), during the winter of 2017/2018. The results showed that mean concentrations of the total tracers determined were 737 ng/m3 for Zabrze and 465 ng/m3 for Rokitno. Levoglucosan was the most abundant tracer; it was 83.2% of the determined tracers in Zabrze and 78.1% in Rokitno. The relative proportions of levoglucosan to mannosan have been used for source reconstruction of combustion-derived byproducts in atmospheric aerosols. The levoglucosan to mannosan ratio for Zabrze was 8.9 and for Rokitno 5.3; the levoglucosan to sum of mannosan and galactosan ratio was 6.2 and 3.8 for Zabrze and Rokitno, respectively. The correlation between tracers is high (0.73 to 0.97) and shows linearity. In order to compare the fuel type (by the coefficient of divergence (CD)) between different sites, the results from a previous work in health resort Krynica were used. The CD between Krynica and Rokitno as well as Krynica and Zabrze was equal to 0.633 and 0.712, respectively. The CD between Rokitno and Zabrze was equal to 0.175. Despite the biomass burning tracer measurements are mostly local, they have a huge impact on air pollution and climate changes.
Levoglucosan (LG) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic substances emitted from variety of anthropogenic sources, mainly as a result of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic material. The seasonality of PAHs emissions is a well demonstrated fact, observed in most monitoring studies, where PAHs air concentrations in winter are much higher than their respective in the summer, due to seasonally variable emission sources. Various techniques have been proposed as ideal source identification (or apportionment) tools, and much debate exists in scientific literature about the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies. The most common methodology is the use of molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs). Based on the annual measurement campaign in rural site located on South Poland, were levoglucose and PAHs were analyzed, the MDRs were determined. The results showed that the combustion processes of solid fuels, including biomass, are mainly responsible for air quality.
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