The flexible and cheap labour that European “post-industrial” economies are in need of is often facilitated by undeclared labour. The undocumented migrant, from his/her part, relatively easily finds work that suits his -- at least initial -- plans. What lies behind this nexus between irregular migration and informal economy? To what extent can this nexus be attributed to the structural features of the so-called “secondary”, as opposed to “primary”, labour market? And how does migration policy correlate with this economic context and lead to the entrapment of migrants in irregularity? Finally, can this vicious cycle of interests and life-strategies be broken and what does the experience of the migrants indicate in this respect? This paper addresses these questions via an exploration of the grounds upon which irregular migration and the shadow economy complement each other in southern Europe (SE) and central and Eastern Europe (CEE) (two regions at different points in the migration cycle). In doing so, the dynamic character of the nexus between informal economy and irregular migration will come to the fore, and the abstract identity of the “average” undocumented migrant will be deconstructed.

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Celem artykułu jest analiza wzorów osiedleńczych polskich migrantów i ich rodzin w Norwegii oraz przybliżenie mechanizmów, przez które zachodzi ich adaptacja do życia w Norwegii. Artykuł oparty jest na badaniach jakościowych (wywiady z 24 rozmówcami, zima-lato 2014) i ilościowych (ankieta internetowa, maj i czerwiec 2015 r., 648 osób) przeprowadzonych w ramach projektu TRANSFAM, jak również na ofi cjalnych statystykach i rezultatach wcześniejszych badań. Autorka wykorzystała ponadto rezultaty obserwacji poczynionych podczas pobytu w Oslo, gdzie w sierpniu 2016 r. przebywała jako visiting researcher na uczelni Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences. Zebrany materiał pozwala stwierdzić, że bez względu na początkowe plany Polacy wydłużają swój pobyt w tym kraju. Wraz z rozwojem sieci migracyjnych oraz wzrostem liczby dzieci rodzących się w Norwegii i sprowadzanych przez rodziców do tego kraju, czasowa migracja Polaków przybiera formę długotrwałego pobytu. Dominujący po 2004 r. wzór czasowych migracji przeważnie mężczyzn zostaje uzupełniany przez długookresowe migracje rodzinne. Słowa kluczowe: polscy imigranci, Norwegia, migracje rodzinne "Appropriating" Norway-Polish Migrants' Settlement Patterns in Norway Th e article aims to analyze Polish migrants and their family migration patterns to Norway, as well as how they adjust to the new country. It is based on qualitative (24 interviews, wintersummer 2014) and quantitative (web-survey, May-June 2015, 648 respondents) research conducted in the framework of the TRANSFAM project. Offi cial statistics and earlier study results are also applied. Th e author gained additional knowledge from observations made during her visit as a visiting researcher at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences. On the basis of the analysed material, it can be concluded that regardless of their initial plans, Poles

This paper highlights basic trends in migration outflows of Poles to Norway. It focuses on the fact that Polish migrants constitute the biggest group of immigrants in Norway and addresses the question regarding their geographical distribution. The authors analyse some theoretical approaches, statistical data and trends with special emphasis on the demographics of the Polish population in Norway in relation to the labour market and family behaviours. Furthermore, the analysis presented in this paper emphasizes that, along with the networks and growing number of children, a part of the temporary Polish migration into Norway has been transformed from circular migration into permanent migration. Therefore, adaptation of Polish migrants in Norway is better explained in terms of different stages in the migratory process rather than in terms of different categories of migrants. What is more, the process of pioneering male migration followed by a family reunification seems similar to that observed in Polish migration to the UK.

Since 2001, when the Ministry of Education started to collect data on foreigners attending Polish public primary and secondary schools, their number has increased by tenfold, reaching 42 000 in the school year 2019/2020. The article demonstrates how the Polish educational system has responded to immigrant children’s presence. First, it presents instruments targeted at children with migration experience, which Polish authorities have over the years implemented into law regulating schooling. The second part of the article provides an overview of research on the situation of children with migrant experience learning in public schools. The conclusion is not optimistic: Poland did not have and still does not have a strategic vision of national educational policy encompassing such pupils.