The study presents results of 4-year field trials; their purpose was to assess the effectiveness indices of phosphorus recovery in maize cultivation depending on the depth of two-component fertiliser (NP) placement in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertiliser (ammonium nitrate and urea) and time point of the application. The hypothesis of the experiment assumed that different depth of NP fertiliser placement improved the indices of phosphorus application in maize cultivation. Row fertilisation with two-component NP fertiliser, regardless of the year, clearly affected phosphorus accumulation (uptake) with grain yield. The recovery metabolism index, i.e., the phosphorus recovery of a mineral fertiliser component was at a low level (on average < 12%). Row application, regardless of the depth of fertiliser placement, was more effective in relation to broadcast sowing. The index of agricultural efficiency of phosphorus confirms the significant impact of the depth of NP fertiliser placement at 5 cm in the soil as optimal for agricultural practice. The use of nitrogen in maize cultivation before sowing, compared to the application of this component at the BBCH 15/16 stage, significantly increases agricultural effectiveness of phosphorus applied as mineral fertiliser. The placement of NP fertiliser deep in the soil profile was more effective compared to traditional broadcast fertilisation. The method of fertiliser application in maize cultivation can thus be a tool increasing cultivation profitability in both economic and environmental terms.
This study presents the results of a four-year field experiment assessing the effectiveness of phosphorus application in maize cultivation according to the depth of two-component fertilizer (NP) placement in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertilizer and date of application. Nitrogen utilization from mineral fertilizer was low—on average, 37.1% during the four years of research. The nitrogen metabolism index, measuring the agricultural and physiological efficiency of nitrogen use, confirmed the significant impact of NP fertilizer placement at 10 and 5 cm as optimal in maize fertilization. The use of nitrogen in maize cultivation before sowing, compared to the application of this component at the phase of 5-6 leaves BBCH 15/16 stage (stage of leaf development with five–six leaves unfolded), significantly increased the agricultural and physiological effectiveness of nitrogen applied in mineral fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate application before sowing the maize, compared to top dressing at the BBCH 15/16 stage, significantly increased nitrogen uptake and utilization from mineral fertilizer. Date of urea fertilizer application to the soil did not have a significant impact on these indicators in maize cultivation.
The study presents the results of 4-year field trials; their purpose was to assess maize yield in relation to the depth of a mineral two-component (NP) fertiliser application in the soil layer, the type of nitrogen fertiliser (ammonium nitrate and urea) and the date of its application. The yield grain was significantly dependent on changing weather conditions in the growing seasons. Initial fertilisation with two-component NP fertiliser, regardless of the years, significantly affected the grain yield. Row fertilisation with two-component NP fertiliser increases the availability of phosphorus in the acid soil environment, elevating maize grain yield. The efficiency of row NP fertiliser application is determined by the natural soil richness in phosphorus. Maize grain yield depended more on the date of application than the form of nitrogen, and its application before sowing was more effective. The application of ammonium nitrate in the BBCH 15/16 stage significantly reduced the number of production ears per unit area compared to the pre-sowing application of this fertiliser. Deep fertiliser placement under the soil surface can be another tool to alleviate the negative consequences of the increasingly high temperatures and droughts.
This study presents the results of 3-year field trials, whose purpose was to assess the dynamics of dry matter accumulation by maize depending on the placement depth of a two-component (NP) mineral fertilizer in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertilizer and date of its application. Weather conditions, mainly thermal in the early growing season, had a significant effect on maize responses to placement depth of phosphorus starting dose in the soil profile. In the initial stage of maize development, the temperature determined plant growth to a significantly higher extent than the sum of rainfall. The dry matter yield of ears and whole plants showed a clear reaction to starter phosphorus fertilization, but the effect of the depth of fertilizer placement varied over the years, indicating a depth of 5 cm and 10 cm as advisable and recommended for agricultural practice. The PFPFN (partial factor productivity of fertilizer nitrogen) and PFPFP (partial factor productivity of fertilizer phosphorus) indices confirmed the significant effect of fertilizer (NP) placement in the soil profile, indicating row fertilizer application (regardless of the depth) as recommended to improve the efficiency of maize fertilization. The SPAD (soil plant analysis development) leaf greenness index turned out to be a sensitive indicator of maize response to fertilizer (NP) placement depth in the soil profile.
Single-phase Pr 2 CBr was prepared by heating a mixture of PrBr 3 , Pr and C (1 : 5:3) to 1140 • C for 18 d. The crystal structure was investigated by X-ray single crystal diffraction (space group P6 3 /mmc, a = 3.8071 (3), c = 14.7787(12)Å). In the structure the Pr atoms form C-centered octahedra condensed into Pr 2 C sheets via common edges; these sheets are separated by the Br atoms which are in a trigonal prismatic environment of Pr atoms. Pr 2 CBr is a black shiny compound with metallic conductivity. It is a ferromagnet with T c = 13.8(5) K.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.