Electrical resistance is among the characteristics that fastening systems must meet to ensure the proper functioning of signaling systems in railway infrastructure. The EN 13146-5:2012 standard specifies a laboratory testing method for determining the electrical resistance under wet conditions between running rails provided by a fastening system on steel or concrete sleepers. In urban railway tracks, the electrical resistance of fastening systems affects the stray current; however, there is no standardized electrical resistance measuring method. There is also no definition for the minimum value that the electrical resistance of fastening systems must satisfy to prevent stray currents. For this reason, this paper analysis the possibility of using the standard EN 13146-5:2012 for the measurement and analysis of the electrical resistance of fastening systems in urban railway tracks. In this study, the electrical resistance of different fastening systems used in urban railway tracks was measured. Based on the tests results, the modifications needed in the EN 13146-5 standard for it to be suitable for urban railway tracks were identified. The proposed modifications include the use of a DC current source. The test should be performed on a rail sample fastened to the concrete base, and the current circuit should be closed by the reference electrode installed in the base. Spraying water from nozzles is not applicable for this measurement. The test should be performed under dry conditions and at different water levels (water on the top of the concrete base and on the top of the levelling layer). Different water levels were used to simulate the most common conditions in urban railway tracks built as part of the road surface, where the track-drying process is very slow. The test should not be performed when the rails are immersed in water, because the current flows directly from the rail into the water in such case, and the fastening system has no influence on the measured electrical resistance value. In addition to describing the proposed changes, the calculation of the minimum electrical resistance value that fastening systems in urban railway tracks must satisfy is also presented.

Urban railway tracks are the primary modes of transportation in many cities worldwide. Track vehicles mostly use DC from overhead lines, and rails are used as return conductors. Because it is challenging to fully insulate the rail and ensure high rail-to-ground resistance, current leaks from the rail to the lower part of the track. This current is referred to as stray current. To determine the detrimental effects of stray current on the rail and fastening system components, we performed a laboratory simulation of the stray current on four real-scale samples of the entire rail with all fastening components. The difference among these four samples was the type of fastening system used. Tests were performed under dry condition and at different water levels. After testing, the samples were visually inspected. Under dry conditions, corrosion occurred on the elements in contact with the concrete, and under immersed conditions, the current leaked from all components of the fastening system directly into the water, causing harmful local deterioration. The characteristics of the fastening systems are defined to satisfy other parameters, but not to prevent stray currents and ensure high rail-to-ground resistance. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of stray current on the rail and fastening system and to prove the importance of providing adequate drainage of the track and using a fastening system that is insulated and does not allow the current to leak from the rail.

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In areas where urban tracks are used as public transportation, dynamic stray currents cause high maintenance costs for the tracks and metal structures near the tracks. S tray currents caused by rail vehicles depend on many factors (traffic density, vehicle speed, acceleration and deceleration, soil and track moisture), so it is very difficult to get a clear picture of the harmfulness of the stray current based on the results of a single field measurement. However, there are several measurement methods that can be used to determine the presence of stray currents and predict appropriate track maintenance actions. Some of these methods are described in this article, namely the use of stray current mapper, measurement of rail potential and rail current, measurement at the stray current collection system, and the use of non-destructive sensors. In track construction, measuring the electrical potential between rail and ground is one of the most common methods of detecting the damaging influence of stray current.

Zagreb 2020 earthquake severely damaged the historic centre of the City. Most of the damage occurred on historic masonry residential buildings of which many are situated in very close vicinity to the tram track. Vibrations generated by traffic can be harmful to buildings if they have been damaged by a previous earthquake. Vibrations could attribute to propagation of existing cracks. The effect of vibration depends on many factors, and one of the most important is the distance between the track and the building. The vibrations are highest at the source and their energy loss is due to transport through the soil to the recipients, so the vibrations at the recipients can be reduced by 2 to 15 dB. In this paper, the impact of tramway induced vibrations on earthquake damaged buildings in the city of Zagreb is described. In the first step of analysis, a track segmentation was performed based on the distance between the track and damaged buildings. Each segment was assigned a score based on the risk of vibration exposure. Vibrations were measured continuously on the entire length of tram track in earthquake affected area. Further analysis of vibrations transmitted to buildings is carried out in areas with high vibration levels.