Service-learning as a teaching and learning strategy, which combines meaningful service in the community with education, has spread not only in the United States but also in South America, Asia, and Europe in recent years, with the pedagogy being applied at all levels of formal and informal education. In 2005, Matej Bel University, located in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, developed a servicelearning strategy, and by 2013 its usage had become widespread. This article presents the findings of a study that investigated the development of key competences of two student groups enrolled in courses that incorporated service-learning strategies during academic years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 at Matej Bel University. The findings of the study suggest that service-learning strategies have positive impacts on the development of students' key competences. The limitations of our study were conducted with a small research (experimental) group of students who passed service-learning course. Based on our research findings we can recommend service-learning as a suitable strategy for students' key competencies development.
Force Majeure as a Circumstance Excluding Wrongfulness in International InvestmentLaw. Force majeure is today accepted as a fairly classical topic and the circumstance, excluding wrongfulness of the state doing in majority of the world legal systems. Within the realm of international investment law, it belongs to the most frequently applied circumstances excluding wrongfulness with the level of its use, increased considerably in the last decade. The coronavirus pandemic has enlivened the concept of force majeure in many areas of law, including international investment law. It also proved to be a good source of an ongoing debate on importance of force majeure for international investment and commercial community. This article is an attempt to inform this debate. Except for introducing force majeure in international law and its purpose, this study presents a brief account of international disputes, in which the force majeure clause is applied very often. It examines the historical development of force majeure in international law and introduces its codified version. as the story develops, it makes three intertwined observations. The universal, one size fits all force majeure is an illusion. Today we may distinguish three its variations already in international law. First, when applied as a circumstance, excluding the wrongfulness under the ILC articles, it excuses an internationally illegal and involuntary act of the state. Second, it may be applied as a circumstance, claimed in connection with reviewing due diligence, and finally as the force majeure clause in international agreements, tailored according to its common law perception. Without hesitation, it is exactly the second permutation of force majeure, which has a strong potential to be the most reliable for the host states, defending themselves against foreign investors, especially when force majeure is applied in the event of armed conflict.
Different kinds of computer mediated communication combine contradictory properties. On one hand, there are typical features of spoken language, on the other, there are parameters traditionally associated to written productions. We propose three levels of distinction between spoken and written language: material form, conditions of production, and structure of the final product. Spoken and written language, conceived as two different strategies of expression, cannot be limited to the material realization of language. Other parameters to be taken into consideration are the co-presence of the interacting partners and, consequently, the possibility of direct feedback. Some discourse have mixed characteristics, situating themselves between the ideal categories of spoken and written language.
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