Despite the acceleration of intervention in advanced technologies, the human element is still considered as a cornerstone to efficient running and provision of business in organizations. It is this role, with the concept of human awareness, which is fundamental to the risk management process. Risk, as it is usually referred to, is an awareness-related issue, and depends, extremely, on those who deal with it and are responsible for controlling its adverse impact. Indeed, risk awareness is extensively responsible for the ways in which people interpret and systematize potential risks, and thus, the way they deal with these risks. Therefore, for an effective risk management system to be realized, organizations need to build and set up appropriate programs that help employees improve their management skills in dealing with potential risks. One way this can be done is through training. However, the main challenge of implementing effective training is to decide where and what training should actually focus on. This paper examines the role of training in improving risk management among employees. The focal point of the paper is to tackle where training should be allocated for the effective controlling of risk. The paper suggests that training is likely to be most effective in terms of managing risk if it, initially, targets the awareness of employees towards risk rather than focus on technical procedures of dealing with risk.  Index Terms-training, risk management, awareness of risk 1

This research reports on the way that employees perceive risk in a non-governmental healthcare organization (NGO), that provides long-term healthcare and support services for people with mental, intellectual and physical disabilities. Thirty-four respondents from all levels within an NGO participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews to explore their own understanding of the meaning of the concept of risk; types and sources of risk in their work; and initiatives for controlling and dealing with such types and sources. Additional information was obtained from documentation and personal observation. The analysis identified an interrelated link between perception and risk. Accordingly, the study found that risk is culturally-constructed, individualistic and subjective. The culture of fear-from-risk and perceiving risk as something purely negative was dominant among the participants. Due to the central role of people in managing risk, the risk management process should consider all perspectives. This requires a participatory system of managing risk, improving the awareness of people about risk and modifying the culture of risk among them. Training has a significant role in achieving these fundamentals. هدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة أثر الإدراك على إدارة المخاطر في القطاع الصحي من خلال دراسة إحدى المنظمات غير الربحية ((NGOs التي تقدم خدمات صحية ورعاية طويلة الأمد للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقات النفسية والعقلية والحركية. شمل هذا البحث الوصفي استطلاع أراء 34 موظفا في هذه المنظمة من كافة المستويات الإدارية والمهنية: الإدارة العليا والإدارة الدنيا والعاملين الفنيين. أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن المخاطر بالدرجة الأولى أمر يتعلق بالإدراك البشري. حيث يتم تعريف المخاطر وحتى طرق إدارتها من خلال الخبرة الشخصية والعملية للفرد. ونظرا لهذه الخاصية، فان اعتبار كل الآراء ووجهات نظر العاملين في عملية إدارة المخاطر أمر ضروري. من أجل إدارة مخاطر أكثر فاعلية في القطاع الصحي يجب إشراك كل العاملين في المنظمة في تعريف المخاطر وطرق إدارتها والتحكم بها. كذلك أشارت النتائج الي ان معظم ردود المشاركين كانت تميل إلى اعتبار المخاطر أمرا سلبيا يجب تجنبه دون النظر إلى الفرص التي تحويها عملية اخذ المخاطرة .

We conducted a study to compare the efficacy and safety of Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) with that of Continuous Infusion of Epidural Analgesia (CIEA) for maintenance of labour analgesia and evaluated the quality of analgesia and obstetric and safety outcomes. METHODSThe study was a hospital-based prospective, randomised control trial on 80 parturients who had a normal antenatal period. Each parturient received 500-1000 mL lactated ringer solution Intravenously (IV) prior to initiating epidural blockade. Epidural catheter placement was performed in a standard manner and all patients received an initial dose of 8-10 mL bupivacaine 0.25%. Parturients self-administered 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2.5 µg/mL using PCA pumps programmed as follows: 4 mL bolus with a 20 mins Lockout Interval (LI). Group B received CIEA of 8 mL 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2.5/mL. Hourly assessments included: VAS scores for pain and satisfaction, sensory and motor block, analgesic supplements, bupivacaine and fentanyl consumption. RESULTSData from 80 patients showed no differences among groups in pain relief. Maternal satisfaction was greater in PCEA group. Anaesthetic interventions by way of supplemental doses of Bupivacaine and Fentanyl in the PCEA group were minimal (4 and 2 vs 25 and 12 P <0.001) compared to CEI group. PCEA group received less local anaesthetic (5.2 vs 9.4 p <0.001) and few patients in PCEA group had motor weakness compared to CEI group (6 vs 17 p <0.05). Both methods were safe for mother and newborn. CONCLUSIONPatients who received PCEA required less anaesthetic interventions, required lower doses of local anaesthetic, fentanyl and have less motor weakness than those who received CEI.

Small business entrepreneurships (SBEs) offer key contributions to economic growth and development, as well as to employment. However, SBEs are described as a high-risk sector. Relative risk measurement in SBEs is varied and diverse and involves genuine challenges, specifically in obtaining the necessary finance required. These types of businesses are usually constrained by restricted access to fair funding when compared to public and big enterprises. The financial institutions, which have ethical and social undertakings beside commercial objectives, confront two dilemmas: whether to support SBEs through facilitating the accessibility of SBEs' entrepreneurs to financial services, or to be more cautious in dealing with them. This qualitative descriptivetheoretical analysis paper aims to examine the risks and challenges SBEs face in obtaining financial facilitation from banks, and factors that obstruct financial institutions to finance SBEs. This includes identifying SBEs' financial-related risks, addressing initiatives that may improve the capability of SBEs to meet their financial obligations, access equity funds and proper financing.

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