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Background: Cancer is a global health problem and the main cause of mortality. Most cancerassociated cases of mortality are the consequences of lack of effective treatment and biomarkers for early diagnosis. New hopes for the improvement of the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer synchronize with the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs are small, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs, the length of which is approximately 18–25 nucleotides and which bind to 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation or translational inhibition; thereby regulating gene expression posttranscriptionally. Aim: Using microRNAs as promising and potential biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets. Methods: The microRNA expression changes in peripheral blood and can be assayed using non-invasive, low-cost, precise, and rapid tools. Results: It is noteworthy that miRNAs participate in multiple cancer-related biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, drug resistance, invasion, and metastasis. Interestingly, the identified cancer-associated miRNAs, including over-expressed oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or underexpressed tumor-suppressive miRNAs, are diverse and specific for different tissues and cancer types. Conclusion: The genetic testing of microRNAs opens up the exciting possibility of early diagnosis and treatment before the onset of metastasis. Keywords: microRNAs, gene silencing, circulating biomarkers, cancer diagnosis, anticancer therapy, miRNAs detection.

The present study aims to evaluate the histopathological changes induced by recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (follitropin alpha) on reproductive organs as well as the liver and kidneys of female rats. The experiment was done on 24 white female rats (Rattus norvegicus) sexually mature weighing 150-200 gram, divided into 4 equal groups of 6 animals: control group which was given distilled water. Single dose group, double dose group and triple dose groups which were injected by 0.5 iu.,1 iu. and 1.5 iu of recombinant FSH respectively. The drug was given subcutaneously during the pro-estrous phase for ten consecutive cycles, then animals from each group were sacrificed to study the histopathological changes. The histopathological examination of the ovaries, uterus, liver, and kidneys revealed variable changes in different organs.The ovarian sections showed many Graafian follicles without ova and many corpus luteal cysts, fibrosis, and thickened granulosa cell layer, and the ovary was surrounded by excessive adipose tissue. The uterus in single and double doses showed dilated cavity, thin endometrium, thin muscular layer and diminished endometrial glands while in triple dose showed atrophy of endometrial lining and glands, hypertrophied muscular layer with slit like endometrial cavity and formation of multiple endometrial cyst. The liver sections showed few changes like dilated central vein, congestion of sinusoids, vacuolation of hepatocytes, with moderate degree of fatty degeneration A few hepatocytes appeared necrotic but without inflammatory response. The kidneys in single and double doses showed unremarkable changes, while in triple dose glomerular congestion, congested vessels, hemorrhage, and degeneration and necrosis of proximal tubules were found.