Background: Children generally have a higher nasal resistance than adults. Growth changes the size and different anthropometric parameters of the nose. Logarithmic effective resistance and logarithmic vertex resistance were introduced as physically correct parameters for nasal obstruction. The previously published classification of obstruction derived from 36,500 measurements is missing data for patients aged 7 to 19 years. Methodology: Rhinomanometry was performed before and after decongestion with 9 different anthropometric measurements in 225 children and adolescents. Correlations among age, anthropometric measurements, and logarithmic effective and vertex resistance were determined for both sexes, and regressions were calculated. Results: The highest correlations with the resistance values were found between age, lateral nasal length, and logarithmic effective resistance. A highly significant linear regression between age and logarithmic effective resistance was also found. This was used for adaption of the classification of obstruction in adults to growing patients. The resistance of the nasal airways at the age of 7 years was about twice that in adults. Conclusions: The linear regression equations can be used to suborder obstructions measured by four-phase rhinomanometry into classes for estimation of their severity according to age.
Objectives: Cryptolysis is a highly efficient conservative procedure in halitosis caused by deep tonsillar crypts or tonsilloliths. It can be carried out by laser, coblation or radiofrequency application, with radiofrequency application being the most cost effective. Monopolar methods generate a wider electrical field with more side effects; therefore, it is necessary to develop and test a new bipolar electrode. Methods:In a prospective non-randomized study seventy-one patients were treated with a monopolar probe-like electrode and three radiofrequency generators. Sixteen patients underwent treatment with a bipolar electrode. In total, 200--300 J was applied. Tonsil specimens underwent histology.Results: Application of a bipolar electrode led to better results than those elicited with a monopolar electrode for cryptolysis. Conclusion:Bipolar radiofrequency cryptolysis should be the first-choice procedure for the treatment of halitosis and tonsilloliths.
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