This study investigated the effects of age, hearing loss, and cochlear implantation on mothers' speech to infants and children. We recorded normal-hearing (NH) mothers speaking to their children as they typically would do at home and speaking to an adult experimenter. Nine infants (10-37 months) were hearing-impaired and had used a cochlear implant (CI) for 3 to 18 months. Eighteen NH infants and children were matched either by chronological age (10-37 months) or hearing experience (3-18 months) to the CI children. Prosodic characteristics such as fundamental frequency, utterance duration, and pause duration were measured across utterances in the speech samples. The results revealed that mothers use a typical infant-directed speech style when speaking to hearing-impaired children with CIS. The results also suggested that NH mothers speak with more similar vocal styles to NH children and hearing-impaired children with CIS when matched by hearing experience rather than chronological age. Thus, mothers are sensitive to hearing experience and linguistic abilities of their NH children as well as hearing-impaired children with CIS.

Summary We sought to review our kidney transplant biopsy experience to assess the incidence, type, presenting symptoms, and timing of renal transplant biopsy complications, as well as determine any modifiable risk factors for postbiopsy complications. This is an observational analysis of patients at the University of Wisconsin between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009. Patients with an INR ≥1.5 or platelet counts less than 50 000 were not biopsied. An 18‐gauge needle was used for biopsy. Over the study period, 3738 biopsies were performed with 66 complications (1.8%). No deaths occurred. A total of 0.7% were mild complications, 0.7% were moderate complications, 0.21% were severe complications, and 0.19% were life‐threatening. Most complications occurred within the 4‐h postbiopsy period, although serious complications were often delayed: 67% of complications requiring surgical intervention presented greater than 4 h after biopsy. Biopsy within 1 week of transplant had a 311% increased risk of a complication. Postbiopsy reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin at 4 h was associated with a complication. In conclusion, life‐threatening complications after renal allograft biopsy occurred in 0.19% of patients. Most complications occurred within 4 h postprocedure; however, many serious complications occurred with a time delay after initially uneventful monitoring. The only clinically significant laboratory predictor of a complication was a fall in the hematocrit or hemoglobin within 4 h. Patients biopsied within a week of transplant were at the highest risk for a complication and should therefore be most closely monitored.

Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancers that co-express transcription factors GATA-3 and FOXA1 have a favorable prognosis. These transcription factors form an autoregulatory hormonal network that influences estrogen responsiveness and sensitivity to hormonal therapy.

Du et al, Pharmacological conversion of gut epithelial cells into insulin-producing cells2 Conflict-of-interest statementDA was a founder, director, and chair of the advisory board of Forkhead Biotherapeutics. Y.L. and S.B. performed this work as employees of Forkhead Biotherapeutics. Du et al, Pharmacological conversion of gut epithelial cells into insulin-producing cells

The American Society of Transplant Surgeons (ASTS) PROviding better Access To Organs (PROACTOR) Task Force was created to inform ongoing ASTS organ access efforts. Task force members were charged with comprehensively cataloguing current organ access activities and organizing them according to stakeholder type. This white paper summarizes the task force findings and makes recommendations for future ASTS organ access initiatives.

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Purpose We wanted to compare glycemic control post pancreas transplantation with newer therapeutic options. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of pancreas transplantation at our institution from January 1, 2008, through September 30, 2021. All patients who underwent pancreatic transplantation were 18 years and older. We compared pre‐transplant glycemic control of those patients, whether self‐monitoring or continuous glucose monitor to their post‐transplant glycemic control. Outcomes were assessed by HgbA1C level at evaluation (eval), pretransplant (pre), within the first 5 months posttransplant (post) and 1 year post transplant (1 year). Results One hundred and thirty‐four patients underwent pancreas transplantation during the 14‐year study period. Overall, 1‐year patient and graft survival were 95% and 88%. The mean HgbA1C (%) for eval and pre were 8.5(SD ± 1.7) and 8.3(SD ± 1.7), which was significantly higher than post, and 1 year at 5.1(SD ± .6, p < .01) and 5.2(SD ± .6, p < .01). Of those, 38 patients presented with continuous glucose monitors (CGM) +/− pump. Their mean HgbA1C(%) was 8.2(SD ± 1.5) at eval 8.1(SD ± 1.3). These were also significantly higher than post 5.0(SD ± .6, p < .01), and 1 year 5.1(SD ± .5, p < .01). Conclusion Pancreas transplant provides superior glycemic control to continuous glucose monitoring and remains the optimal therapy for appropriately selected patients with diabetes.

SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus first reported in December 2019, rapidly developed into a global pandemic, with more than 1.8 million cases and 100 000 deaths reported worldwide. 1 Clinical manifestations of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, range from asymptomatic infection to mild upper respiratory tract symptoms or viral pneumonia. The most severe cases of COVID-19 can lead to respiratory failure, multiorgan system failure, and death. 2,3 Mortality rates between 2% and 3% have been reported in the general population. 4 Death is more common in those with preexisting conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 4 Due to chronic immunosuppression, transplant recipients are at increased risk both of acquiring infections and developing more severe clinical disease. Additionally, there is a high burden of comorbid disease in the transplant population. Several case reports and single-center series have described COVID-19 in transplant patients, with most series describing kidney transplant patients who were sick enough to require hospitalization. 5-9 To date, there have been no reports of COVID-19 in pancreas transplant (PT) recipients. We report here our experience with COVID-19 in four PT recipients in New York, the epicenter of the outbreak in the United States.