Quantum dots (QDs) are of prevalent scientific and technological consideration because of their tunable size and thus frequency change (band-gap energy) in the NIR optical region. QDs have exceptional properties such as optical, physiochemical, electrical, and capacity to be bound to biomolecules. These selective size-dependent attributes of QDs assist them with having versatile applications in optoelectronic and biomedical fields. Their capacity to emit light at various frequencies because of an outer stimulus makes quantum dots perfect for use in imaging, diagnostics, tests for individual particles, and medication transportation frameworks. Ongoing advances in quantum dot design incorporate the potential for these nanocrystals to become therapeutic agents to restore numerous disease conditions themselves via bioconjugation with antibodies or medications. In this chapter, a few advances in the field of biomedical applications, such as bio-sensing, bio-imaging, drug loading capacity, targeted drug delivery, anti-stacking limit hostile to bacterial activity, photo-thermal treatment, photodynamic treatment, and optical properties for biomedical applications are presented, further to a short conversation on difficulties; for example, the biodistribution and harmful toxic effects of quantum dots is also discussed.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with small number of nucleotides and control gene expression primarily at post-transcriptional and transcriptional phases [1]. The target gene expression is regulated by these miRNAs by degrading or inhibiting translation of the respective messenger RNA. The primary functions of miRNAs include regulating immune system, differentiation and development, cell proliferation, cancer and cell cycle by as hitherto unknown mechanism. MiRNAs have significant contribution to malignancy by releasing tumour suppressors and oncogenes. Different miRNA profiles are responsible for various types of tumours, hence, could serve as phenotype signature for different cancers. This unique identification can be used in cancer diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics. Hence, discovery of new miRNAs will pave novel path in understanding the cancer genetics. However, smaller size, low concentration, sequence homology and stability are some of the major challenges involved in classification and specific recognition of miRNAs. To overcome these problems, synthesis of a nano-biosensor might assist in detection of differentially regulated miRNAs with high sensitivity, specificity and cost-effective manner. A major complication for integrating nanoformulation into clinical application is the additional toxicity. This can be circumvented by using non-toxic shells along with surface modification which can also increases the ability of NPs to detect circulating cell free miRNAs in a non-invasive manner. This ultra-short review provides comprehensive information on nanoformulations suitable for detecting these miRNAs and their biogenesis, effects in disease and treatment condition especially in cancer.
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