Presence of appropriately positioned interdental papillae in the anterior dentition is essential. Its deficiency leads to complex esthetic and functional problems while its reconstruction poses a formidable challenge. Thus a prior understanding of the various factors that affect its integrity in the anterior region allows for better management of the papillae leading to a more predictable outcome.
Frenum is a fold of mucous membrane, usually with enclosed muscle fibers, which attaches the lips and cheeks to the alveolar mucosa and/or gingival and underlying periosteum. Different types of frenal attachments have been observed and classified. Frenum with abnormal attachments may lead to mucogingival problems while hampering gingival health, as they cause an interference in the plaque control or may create a muscle pull. This condition may require management that can be usually performed with frenectomy and frenotomy procedures. Frenectomy is the complete removal of the frenum, while frenotomy is the incision and relocation of the frenal attachment. The present article is a compilation and review of a series of clinical cases of frenal excision through different surgical approaches.
Hypothyroidism is a systemic condition in which thyroid gland is underactive and production of thyroid hormones is diminished, resulting in metabolic slowdown. Thyroid disease can lead to imbalance in hemostasis of the body and affect the healing capacity of tissues. This case report presents the influence of thyroid hormone dysfunction and its impact on periodontal disease progression in 55 year old female patient giving the chief complaint of bleeding gums and increased gum size. The report emphasizes the need for interventions by health care providers in patients with hypothyroidism to preserve their oral and overall health
Thalassemia is a single gene inherited blood disease. Beta thalassemia major is life threating. It causes abnormality in various organs and oral-facial region. Thalassemia patients are immune-deficient because of iron-overload. Immune system abnormality includes neutrophilic dysfunction and impairment of phagocytosis by the monocyte-macrophage system. Iron accumulation also affects periodontal tissues, which seems to increase the level of cytokines and thus have an enhancing effect on gingival inflammation. This article highlights a peculiar case of gingival enlargement in anterior maxilla and mandible. The patient was known case of a beta-thalassemia major. Blood investigation revealed a lower level of hemoglobin. The patient underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy. Proper periodontal care improves the quality of life in these patients. This case report reinforces the significance of proper history taking with all minor details and the role of patient education in phase I therapy
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