KY885022, KY885023, KY885024, KY885025, KY885026, KY885027.

No abstract

This study aims to analyze and obtain empirical evidence of Corporate Governance, Political Connection and Profitability to Tax avoidance. Independent variabels are proxied by Corporate Governance, Political Connection and Profitability, the dependent variable is proxied by Tax avoidance and control variables are proxied by Firm Size and Firm Age.  The sample used in this study is secondary data derivied from the financial statements of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2014-2018. Sample were taken by purposive sampling method and met the sample selection criteria. The sample used was 48 companies. Data is processed with Eviews Version 9 software and using the Generalized Least Square (GLS) method. The results show that Political Connections do not have an influence on Tax Avoidance, Corporate Governance that is proxied by Audit Quality does not have an effect on Tax Avoidance, while Corporate Governance which is proxied by the Audit Committee and Independent Board of Commissioners has a positive effect on Tax Avoidance. Profitability has negative effect to Tax avoidance.

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions in educational institutions across the country, prompting medical schools to adopt online learning systems. This study aims to determine impact on medical education and the medical student’s attitude, practice, mental health after 1 year of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia.MethodsThis study utilized a cross-sectional design. An online questionnaire was distributed digitally to 49 medical schools in Indonesia from February–May 2021. A total of 7,949 medical students participated in this study. Sampling was carried out based on a purposive technique whose inclusion criteria were active college students. This research used questionnaires distributed in online version among 49 medical faculties that belong to The Association of Indonesian Private Medical Faculty. Instruments included demographic database, medical education status, experience with medical tele-education, ownership types of electronic devices, availability of technologies, programs of education methods, career plans, attitudes toward pandemic, and the mental health of respondents. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis was conducted to determine the association of variables. All statistical analyses using (IBM) SPSS version 22.0.ResultsMost of the respondents were female (69.4%), the mean age was 20.9 ± 2.1 years. More than half of the respondents (58.7%) reported that they have adequate skills in using digital devices. Most of them (74%) agreed that e-learning can be implemented in Indonesia. The infrastructure aspects that require attention are Internet access and the type of supporting devices. The pandemic also has an impact on the sustainability of the education program. It was found that 28.1% were experiencing financial problems, 2.1% postponed their education due to this problems. The delay of the education process was 32.6% and 47.5% delays in the clinical education phase. Around 4% student being sick, self-isolation and taking care sick family. the pandemic was found to affect students’ interests and future career plans (34%). The majority of students (52.2%) are concerned that the pandemic will limit their opportunities to become specialists. Nearly 40% of respondents expressed anxiety symptoms about a variety of issues for several days. About a third of respondents feel sad, depressed, and hopeless for a few days.ConclusionThe infrastructure and competency of its users are required for E-learning to be successful. The majority of medical students believe that e-learning can be adopted in Indonesia and that their capacity to use electronic devices is good. However, access to the internet remains a problem. On the other side, the pandemic has disrupted the education process and mental health, with fears of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, the loss of opportunities to apply for specialty training, and the potential for increased financial difficulties among medical students. Our findings can be used to assess the current educational process in medical schools and maximize e-learning as an alternative means of preparing doctors for the future.

Although Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is considered endemic in Indonesia, there are only limited reports of JEV infection from a small number of geographic areas within the country with the majority of these being neuroinvasive disease cases. Here, we report cases of JEV infection in non-encephalitic acute febrile illness patients from Bali, Indonesia. Paired admission (S1) and discharge (S2) serum specimens from 144 acute febrile illness patients (without evidence of acute dengue virus infection) were retrospectively tested for anti-JEV IgM antibody and confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for JEV infection. Twenty-six (18.1%) patients were anti-JEV IgM-positive or equivocal in their S2 specimens, of which 5 (3.5%) and 8 (5.6%) patients met the criteria for confirmed and probable JEV infection, respectively, based on PRNT results. Notably, these non-encephalitic JE cases were less likely to have thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and lower hematocrit compared with confirmed dengue cases of the same cohort. These findings highlight the need to consider JEV in the diagnostic algorithm for acute febrile illnesses in endemic areas and suggest that JEV as a cause of non-encephalitic disease has likely been underestimated in Indonesia.

Background Infection by chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) can cause a wide spectrum of clinical features, many of which are undifferentiated. Cytokines, which broadly also include chemokines and growth factors, have been shown to play a role in protective immunity as well as DENV and CHIKV pathogenesis. However, differences in cytokine response to both viruses remain poorly understood, especially in patients from countries where both viruses are endemic. Our study is therefore aimed to provide a comparative profiling of cytokine response induced by acute DENV and CHIKV infections in patients with similar disease stages and in experimental in vitro infections. Methods By using multiplex immunoassay, we compared host cytokine profiles between acute CHIKV and DENV infections by analysing serum cytokine levels of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, RANTES, MCP-3, eotaxin, PDGF-AB/BB, and FGF-2 from the sera of acute chikungunya and dengue fever patients. We further investigated the cytokine profile responses using experimental in vitro CHIKV and DENV infections of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results We found that both CHIKV and DENV-infected patients had an upregulated level of IL-8 and IL-4, with the highest IL-4 level observed in DENV-2 infected patients. Higher IL-8 level was also correlated with lower platelet count in dengue patients. IL-13 and MCP-3 downregulation was observed only in chikungunya patients, while conversely PDGF-AB/BB and FGF-2 downregulation was unique in dengue patients. Age-associated differential expression of IL-13, MCP-3, and IL-5 was also observed, while distinct kinetics of IL-4, IL-8, and FGF-2 expression between CHIKV and DENV-infected patients were identified. Furthermore, the unique pattern of IL-8, IL-13 and MCP-3, but not IL-4 expression was also recapitulated using experimental in vitro infection in PBMCs. Conclusions Taken together, our study identified common cytokine response profile characterized by upregulation of IL-8 and IL-4 between CHIKV and DENV infection. Downregulation of IL-13 and MCP-3 was identified as a unique cytokine response profile of acute CHIKV infection, while distinct downregulation of PDGF-AB/BB and FGF-2 characterized the response from acute DENV infection. Our study provides an important overview of the host cytokine responses between CHIKV and DENV infection, which is important to further understand the mechanism and pathology of these diseases.

Objective: In Indonesia, 45% of the total penile cancer cases are concentrated in Bali province, where penile cancer is ranked as the most common cancer during 2013. However, the incidences of penile cancer in Bali and other provinces in Indonesia are still unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR), age-specific incidence rate (AR), and crude rate incidence (CRI) of penile cancer in Bali and other provinces in Indonesia. Methods: The data were obtained from 11 provinces in Indonesia over a period of 10 years (2004-2013). The samples were 1032 new cases of penile cancer collected manually from the registry. ASR, AR, and CRI were calculated based on the number of new penile cancer cases per 100,000 men in a given province. Indonesian population standard was used to calculate the age-standardized incidence rate. Result: There were variations on ASR, AR, and CRI for penile cancer in Indonesia. We found that the average CRI in Indonesia is 0.1 per 100,000 men. The incidence is found to be higher in Bali compared to other provinces. The average ASR in Bali is 2.1 per 100,000 men, CRI is 2.5 per 100,000 men, and the peak of AR being 12.9 per 100,000 men in the age group of 55-64 years old. The incidence of penile cancer is found to increase with age. In Bali, the peak incidence is in the 6th and 7th decades of life. The ASR and CRI of penile cancer in other provinces were less than 1 per 100,000 males. Conclusion:  The highest incidence of penile cancer is found in the Bali province compared to other provinces in Indonesia. This problem requires more serious attention and further research to identify the risk factors.

The purpose of this study was to find out the results of the effectiveness of detergent detergency against stains on white cloth based on organoleptic tests and to determine the results of measurement tests for pollution levels with parameters of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), DO (Dissolve Oxygen) and pH levels in each treatment. This research is an experimental study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) or Randomized Complete Block Design method, which takes 5 treatments, namely two types of control groups including negative control (K-) by adding distilled water and positive control (K +) by adding detergent contained on the market, and there are 3 treatment groups, namely P1, P2 and P3, respectively with concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% respectively. The instrument used for the extraction process is the Rotary Vacuum Evaporator and the instrument used for testing pollution levels is a set of titration tools with iodometric titration methods. The results obtained showed that the second treatment (P2) was the best treatment with an average detergency power of 3.10 or with faded parameters evenly with the edges of the stain that faded and had a minimum pollution level i.e. COD value 7.9 mg / L, DO value was 9.2 mg / L and pH level of 5.02, so that it qualifies as a low-contaminant liquid detergent that does not damage the environment.