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Nitrogenated graphene oxide-decorated copper sulfide nanocomposites (Cu x S-NrGO, where x = 1 and 2) are designed to be incorporated in polysulfone (PSF) membranes for effective fouling resistance of PSF membranes and their dye removal capacity. The developed membranes possess more hydrophilicity and an enhancement in pure water flux (PWF). Also, the highest bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection of 89% was observed when compared to membranes with pristine PSF (5 L/m 2 h PWF and 88% BSA rejection) and CuS-incorporated PSF membranes (14 L/m 2 h PWF and 83% BSA rejection) because of N doping and enhanced permeability. It is also found that the Cu x S-NrGO-incorporated PSF membranes exhibited a significantly higher fouling resistance, a larger permeate flux recovery ratio (FRR) of nearly 82%, and a congo red dye rejection of 93%. Cu x S-NrGO nanoparticles thus demonstrate the potential efficacy of enhancing the hydrophilicity, leading to a better flux, dye removal capacity, and antifouling capacity with a very high FRR value of 82% because of a strong interaction between the N-active sites of the NrGO, Cu x S, and polysulfone matrix, and negligible leaching of nanoparticles is observed.

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Rapid urbanization and industrialization have significantly added to the complexity of wastewater treatment, particularly due to the presence of nonsegregated organic and aqueous phases, and hence, technology to remove such mixed-phase pollutants is essential. A photocatalytic iron-based metal–organic framework possessing a band gap of 2.18 eV and a very high surface area of ∼1400 m2 g–1 was embedded into poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers for oil/water separation and degradation of dye contaminants. The synthesized nanofibers were schemed to mimic two different morphologies (spider silk and desert beetle morphology) via electrospinning for rendering both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pockets. Excellent flux was achieved and the good antifouling ability of these iron-based metal–organic framework nanofiber membranes, together with the advantage of Fe–O clusters that help in the removal of oil (by adsorption) and dyes beyond 90% via photo-Fenton-like reaction, is successfully demonstrated, scientifically reasoned, and justified with the help of characterization techniques, thus showing the promises of using these membranes for real-time applications.