Lung function in CLD children is largely normal in comparison with preterm controls, apart from some evidence of reversible small airway obstruction. Respiratory symptomatology is not increased in chronic disease children in comparison with control preterm children.

The administration of surfactant may be a promising approach to treat severe respiratory failure caused by severe pulmonary hemorrhage.

Transthoracic pacing is a life-saving option in an emergency situation, when maximal pharmacological support fails to maintain adequate cardiac output. It may have some additional beneficial effect on blood pressure generation in these patients. To prevent skin injury, the output used needs to be as low as feasible, and the period of pacing as brief as practicable.

No abstract