Recent developments in imaging non destructive evaluation techniques offer possibilities of quantitative measurement of strain localizations associated with plastic instabilities. Digital image correlation is a technique now being widely employed for studying the temporal strain evolution associated during tensile deformation. This work focuses on the application of digital image correlation to visualise the two dimensional strain evolutions in the weld zone, heat affected zone and the base metal during monotonic uniaxial tensile deformation of friction stir weld samples of copper – stainless steel. The results indicated that the Cu- Stainless steel weld interface exhibited a lower tensile strength compared to the other regions. The experimental observations are discussed in relation with the current theoretical understanding. The experiments also reveal the potential of advanced imaging NDE methods for providing better insights of the micro mechanisms of deformation and failure including local deformation characteristics of the material under study.
This research work aims to investigate thermal fields, weld strength and microstructural analyses of dissimilar welded structures of AA6082 and AA7075 developed using friction stir welding process. Three different tool shapes were used for joining of these plates to study the effect tool profiles on thermal cycles and their behavior on weld strength. The process parameters were considered same for three tool weldments. During welding, peak temperatures and their distribution towards along transverse direction and cooling temperature were recorded using Infra-Red (IR) thermography. The samples were inspected were X-ray radiography test to examine the defects. The tensile strength of the welded structures was evaluated by conducted tension test according to ASTM E/8 standards. Further, the microstructural behavior for three tool profile pins was studied using optical microscopy. The tool profile with cylindrical shape exhibiting higher tensile strength than the other two samples due to lower temperatures and uniformity of heat distribution during welding process. Also, the microstructural studies revealed that the fine grains with proper mixing zones were observed when cylindrical tool was employed. From this research work, IR thermography is most suitable for measuring In-situ temperature profiles even at weld vicinity during welding.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to be a chronic and disabling disease that is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The epidemic burden of diabetes mellitus has increased in developing countries and Asia is considered as the “diabetic epicentre”. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is characterised by reduced secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells independently or associated with reduced response of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin. A proper glycaemic control is essential to delay the micro and macrovascular complications of T2DM. Standard anti-diabetic agents including insulin happen to induce minor to major adverse outcomes in certain populations over prolonged period of administration. Hence there has been a compelling need to develop newer and novel approach to treatment of T2DM. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a novel category of drugs that happen to reduce glycaemic overload by inducing glycosuria. The safety, efficacy and tolerability profile of these drugs were studied separately under various trials and was approved for use in August 2014 by US-FDA. This review is an attempt to describe the history of SGLT-2 inhibitors, their mechanism of action, safety and efficacy as well as its current status among anti-diabetic agents.
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