Background: Functional capacity of an individual is denoting their physical fitness which can be assessed using 6-minute walk test, 1min sit-to stand test etc. The objectives of our study are to assess the functional capacity of healthy young females of Saudi Arabia using 1 min STS and to investigate the relationship between age, height, weight, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion with 1 min STS test. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 52 young healthy females of Saudi Arabia from 18 to 30 years of age were participated. Results: Fifty-seven participants were voluntarily enrolled for this study, 5 were excluded and totally fifty-two participants were involved in this study. The average repetitions of 1 min sit-to-stand is 38 reps/min. The Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there is a weak and negative correlation between 1 min STS test repetitions and age (r=0.142 p=0.311) height, (r=0.122 p=0.39) and weight (r=0.297 p < 0.05). Weak, positive and significant correlation was observed between HR (T1), percentage of MHR (T1) and 1 min STS test repetitions with (r=0.303 p<0.05, r=0.282 p<0.05) respectively. There was a weak and positive correlation between 1 min STS test and Modified Borg scale (T1) (r=0.167, p=0.238). Conclusion: This study highlights the difference in performances of 1 min STS test between Saudi population and Western countries. The functional capacity of young adult Saudi females is reduced when compared to the western counterpart. This could be because of high prevalence of physical inactivity. KEY WORDS: 1 Min Sit-To-Stand Test, Functional Capacity, Physical Activity, Young Females.
Over the years, humankind has contributed to the destruction of the environment, including river pollution. When comparing river water quality in developed and developing countries, the history is the opposite, with developed countries suffering from polluted rivers at a time when developing countries had relatively clean rivers. Although the literature provides descriptions of past water quality across the globe, there are no samples of this water, leading to a gap in knowledge. Fortunately, a team of researchers led by Dr Shigeki Mayama, Advanced Support Center for Science Teachers, Tokyo Gakugei University Koganei, Japan, has found a way to ascertain past water quality and decipher how it relates to the environmental concerns of the present. Ultimately, they want to help address environmental challenges by helping children to understand the direct impact of human activity on river environments. As such, the researchers are developing an educational programme involving a virtual environment and microorganisms called diatoms. Mayama and the team have developed simulation software called SimRIver, using which students can set up their own river basin environments and use diatoms as proxies for the aquatic environment to learn how they affect water quality. SimRIver is available in 22 languages, making it accessible to children in different countries and broadening its impact. In addition, it operates in a manner that mimics video games in order to be as appealing to students as possible. To circumvent a possible lack of reality, SimRiver is supplemented with actual specimens collected from the river. The idea is that combining virtual simulations with real-life specimens will promote effective learning.
Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) is characterized by painful cramps before or during menstruation. It is generally treated with nonpharmacological methods. However, with the advancement of research and the passage of time, physiotherapy plays an increasingly important role in treating patients with PD. Electrotherapy and exercise therapy are conservative methods to treat PD. Alternative methods to minimize reliance on medicinal-based treatments are the need of the hour. This review aims to determine the efficacy of exercise-based therapies and electrotherapy modalities in treating PD. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards have been used in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. Cochrane, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to facilitate the same. The articles from 2011 to 2021 were included in this review. The quality of the review was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The visual analog scale was taken as a measure of pain intensity in the meta-analysis, and other outcomes have been included in the systematic review discussed. A total of 15 publications have been included, with a meta-analysis of 7. All included studies were of high quality (PEDro ≥ 5), and demonstrated the efficacy of exercise-based therapies and electrotherapy modalities in treating pain in females with PD. This review aims to check the impact of exercise and electrotherapy in females suffering from PD.
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