Electrospun scaffolds are being widely studied for its potential application in tissue engineering because of its nanostructure that mimics the extracellular matrices. Although it has several advantages, it lacks mechanical strength and causes structural deformation during handling of the scaffold. It is well known that the textile-based structures like woven and nonwoven fabrics have excellent structural stability. In this study, a woven and a hydroentangled nonwoven fabric were fabricated from eri silk fibroin and their characteristics were compared with electrospun scaffold. The functional groups, contact angle, thermal degradation, hemocompatibility studies showed that all the three scaffolds can be used as biomaterials. The pore and pore size distribution were better with electrospun scaffold due to smaller fiber diameter and more number of layers of fibers. The tensile behaviour was found to be better for woven and nonwoven scaffolds. The enzymatic degradation showed that the stability of woven and nonwoven scaffolds were better and electrospun scaffold degrades and disintegrates quickly. Mouse 3T3 L1 fibroblast and Human Wharton’s jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells adhered on all the three scaffolds and a higher attachment and growth coverage were obtained on the electrospun and nonwoven scaffolds. It was found that the hydroentangled nonwoven silk scaffold exhibited similar biological characteristics as that of electrospun scaffold and also had higher mechanical strength and structural stability. Hence, it is inferred that the hydroentangled nonwoven scaffold can be considered as a suitable structure for tissue engineering applications.
COVID 19 is the third one among zoonotic coronavirus, first and second
being SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. WHO has declared the coronavirus
disease 2019 a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. The last pandemic was reported in the
year 2009, which was H1N1 flu. The early eradication of COVID 19 seems impossible
as it has never been identified in humans previously. There is a need to understand the
basic immunology of this disease, to develop vaccines and medicines to save the global
population from this novel coronavirus. The immune system protects against pathogens
by producing antibodies to kill the pathogens that enter our bodies. Lymphocytes play a
major role because they recognize the virus and produce antibodies against them, but
people infected with COVID 19 showed a decline in the number of lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes include T-cells, B-cells, Natural killer cells. About 15% of COVID 19
patients develop pneumonia, and about 5% end up in multiple organ failure where the
immune response is critically impaired. The clinical conditions associated with Covid 19 include cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In
addition, changes in Acute Phase Reactants proteins (APR) have also been reported.
This chapter aims to improve the understanding of the immune response and
immunopathological changes that have been witnessed in patients suffering from this
disease.
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