Eleven pyridine derivatives were prepared by quaternization reactions by different synthetic routes: conventional, microwave, and ultrasound. Since acetone and other solvents used in conventional quaternization reactions are harmful, attempts were made to replace the organic solvents with more environmentally friendly alternative -deep eutectic solvents. The reactions were carried out using pyridine-3aldoxime, pyridine-4-aldoxime, isonicotinamide and nicotinamide as nucleophiles and three different dihaloalkanes as electrophiles: diiodopropane, dibromopropane and diiodohexane. The results showed that the microwave method using acetone as solvent was significantly faster and gave higher yields than the conventional method. In contrast, synthesis in the eutectic solvents choline chloride : urea gave significantly lower yields. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The antifungal activity of all compounds was tested at two different concentrations (10 and 100 µg mL -1 ) against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro. All tested compounds showed excellent inhibitory activity against the studied phytopathogenic fungal species at a concentration of 100 µg mL -1 .
Pjegavost lista, koju uzrokuje gljiva Cercospora beticola, najznačajnija je bolest koja se javlja na šećernoj repi u svim područjima uzgoja i uzrokuje značajne ekonomske štete. Pjege, kao tipični simptomi ove bolesti, najčešeće su veličine 2-5 mm, svjetlije sredine i tamnijeg ruba. Prvo se javljaju na starijim listovima, ali kako bolest napreduje pjege se šire i na mlađe listove. Najvažnije mjere zaštite podrazumijevaju uništavanje zaraženih biljnih ostataka, sjetvu otpornih sorata, plodored i primjenu fungicida tijekom vegetacije.
Na važnosti propolisa u ekološkoj poljoprivredi zbog njegovog antifungalnog djelovanja ukazuju brojna istraživanja. U provedenom istraživanju utvrđen je utjecaj alkoholnog propolisa na rast 4 fitopatogene gljive: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum i Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Korištene su 3 koncentracije otopine propolisa (0,5 %, 1 % i 2,5 %). Svaka od navedenih koncentracija imala je manji ili veći inhibitorni učinak na porast micelija fitopatogenih gljiva. Potpuno inhibitorno djelovanje na porast B. cinerea, A. brassicae i F. oxysporum imala je koncentracija 2,5 %, dok je porast zabilježen na koncentraciji od 0,5 %. Pri koncentraciji 1% propolisa utvrđene su statistički visoko značajne razlike između porasta micelija kod navedenih gljiva. S. sclerotiorum nije se razvila niti na jednoj koncentraciji te je propolis pokazao potpuno inhibitorno djelovanje na porast ove gljive.
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