This study investigated copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride cosupplementation on the growth performance, diarrhea frequency, carcass, meat quality, and antioxidant activity in grower-finisher pigs. A total of 256 pigs were used from 70 to 154 days (d) of age, distributed in four treatments, with eight pigs in each pen and eight replications per treatment. Diets were provided to grower pigs from 70 to 112 days old and in the finisher, 112 to 154 days old. Copper was considered the low level at 100 mg Cu/kg and 90 mg Cu/kg, respectively, and 150 mg Cu/kg in both periods as high in the grower and finisher periods. In the grower and finisher period, zinc was cosupplemented in the diet at 80 mg Zn/kg and 70 mg Zn/kg, respectively. In the diets, T1 and T2 groups are the traditional inorganic sources for minerals (copper sulfate, CuSO4; zinc oxide, ZnO) and T3 and T4 hydroxychloride sources (copper hydroxychloride, CHC, and zinc hydroxychloride, ZHC). The flavomycin was associated with treatments with low Cu content in the inclusion of 50 g/ton. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, the data were submitted to analysis of PROC MIXED in SAS, the PDIFF test analyzed the treatment effect. At the finisher period, pigs fed both minerals from hydroxychloride source had a higher BW 154 d, average daily gain (ADG) 70 to 154 d, the hot and cold carcass weight and frequency of normal feces than those fed 150 mg Cu/kg and Zn from a traditional inorganic source (P < 0.05). The animals fed low Cu levels of the sulfate source had a higher ADG 70 to 154 d than those fed high Cu levels of the same source (P < 0.05). Pigs fed 150 mg Cu/kg cosupplemented with Zn from a hydroxychloride source had the highest carcass length (P < 0.05). There was no difference among the treatments for meat quality (P > 0.05). Pigs fed 150 mg Cu/kg and Zn from a traditional inorganic source had a higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Animals fed low Cu levels from hydroxychloride had a higher malondialdehyde (MDA) formation than those fed sulfate source, regardless of the Cu levels and those fed high Cu levels of hydroxychloride (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 150 mg Cu/kg as copper sulfate cosupplemented to zinc oxide in the diet of growing and finishing pigs impairs the growth performance, carcass and increases diarrhea frequency, and copper and zinc hydroxychloride cosupplementation improves these characteristics.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), using two mineral sources (sulphate and hydroxy forms), on the bone characteristics, skin strength/elasticity, and haematological parameters of broilers. A total of 1792 1‐day‐old male Cobb‐500 broiler chickens were randomly distributed among eight dietary treatments, using Cu sulphate (CSM) or hydroxychloride (CHC), and Zn sulphate (ZSM) or hydroxychloride (ZHC). The dietary treatments were as follows: (1) low‐CSM/high‐ZSM, (2) high‐CSM/high‐ZSM, (3) low‐CHC/low‐ZHC, (4) low‐CHC/medium‐ZHC, (5) low‐CHC/high‐ZHC, (6) high‐CHC/low‐ZHC, (7) high‐CHC/medium‐ZHC, and (8) high‐CHC/high‐ZHC. On Day 42, blood samples were collected from one bird/pen to analyze the haematological parameters. Finally, two birds/pen were slaughtered, and the tibia and femur were collected to analyze the quality of bone and skin. The means were subjected to ANOVA and, when significant, compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05) or Dunnett's (p < 0.05) test. The haematological parameters were not influenced by mineral supplementation. However, the inclusion of low ZHC enhanced the skin strength compared to high ZHC (p = 0.046). Furthermore, the bone mineral density of the tibia proximal epiphysis, tibia ash and tibia mineral content were positively improved with supplementation of low‐CHC/medium‐ZHC compared to high‐CHC/medium‐ZHC. This study demonstrated that hydroxy compounds are potential alternatives for replacing sulphate supplements in broiler diets. Moreover, among the Cu and Zn levels, the low CHC (15 mg/kg) and medium ZHC (100 mg/kg) improved bone development and skin integrity, suggesting that the combination of Cu and Zn can be a nutritional strategy to prevent the incidence of leg disorders in broilers.
The study aimed to investigate the effects of the co-supplementation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride (CHC and ZHC) minerals on diarrhea frequency of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 256 pigs were distributed into 4 treatments with 8 replicate/treatment. The diets from 70 to 112 days of age (d) were T1: 100 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 100 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC and from 112 to 154 d T1: 90 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 90 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC. Visual analysis of the feces was carried out daily, with scores ranging from 1 to 3 for each pen: 1=solid feces (normal); 2=feces softer than normal (pasty); and 3 = liquid feces (severe diarrhea). The values of frequency were transformed into arc-sine. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software, according to the block design. The treatment was considered a fixed effect. The effect was considered significant when P < 0.05. From 112 to 154 d, pigs that received the hydroxychloride sources showed a lower diarrhea frequency compared to the pigs fed with CuSO4 and ZnO (P < 0.05). Possibly the reduction of diarrhea in animals with CHC and ZHC was due to the higher bioavailability of these minerals, improving their functions (e.g. Cu on microbial load reduction and Zn on the protection and renewal of intestinal epithelial cells). It can be concluded that the co-supplementation of copper and zinc hydroxychloride sources reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs.
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