Ethical aspects of clinical trials in the context of criminal-law regulationsThe article discusses the issue of rules of conducting clinical trials, both in criminal and ethical terms. The author presents successively the principles of conducting medical experiments, including research on medicinal products with the participation of people, especially focusing on the issue of risk that threatens the patient. Next, the ethical principles of conducting clinical trials, classified by international rank acts, are described. The author compares the content of two groups of norms, striving to answer the question of whether it is possible that such a state of affairs exists, in which a clinical trial would be legally accepted, but would not be characterized by the attribute of ethics.
The article deals with one of the elementary principles of the criminal trial – reliability of the trial – in conventional and constitutional terms. The author analyses the concept of fair trial and details the most important elements. Then she considers whether the currently existing model of the criminal trial in Poland, rich in inquisitional institutions, is compatible with the principle of a fair trial. She analyses the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure, compares these regulations with principles of impartiality, objectivity and equality of procedural parties that are part of the concept of a fair trial.
The article raises the issue of the constitutionality of the ritual slaughter in the Polish legal system. The author compared together the issue of freedom of religion and the legal protection of animals in the Republic of Poland. The first of the issues is the rule of freedom of conscience and religion in national law and EU law. Next, the author presented some of the regulations introduced by the act on protection of animals of 1997 and the position of the Polish Constitutional Court, and compares them with the legal norms of the European Union. An article was ended by remarks called as de lege ferenda; the author pays attention on the problems of commercial ritual slaughter and inconsistency of Polish law with the EU law.
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